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APUSH Key Terms: Chapters 16-20
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- 1Management RevolutionAn internal management structure adopted by many large, complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function.
- 2Vertical IntegrationA business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products.
Robber barons or industrial innovators pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War. - 3Horizontal IntegrationA business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate. Pioneered by John D. Rockefeller.
- 4TrustA small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them as a single entity.
- 5DeskillingThe elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing, in which workers completed discrete, small-scale tasks rather than an entire product. Employers could pay workers less and replace them more easily.
- 6Mass ProductionA phrase coined by Henry Ford, who helped to invent a system of mass production of goods based on assembly of standardized parts. This system accompanied the continued deskilling of industrial labor.
- 7Scientific ManagementA system of organizing work developed by Frederick W. Taylor in the nineteenth century. It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker, increase efficiency, and reduce production costs.
- 8Greenback Labor PartyA national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth. Also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday.
- 9Granger LawsEconomic regulatory laws passed in some mid-western states in the late 1870s, triggered by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party.
- 10Knights of LaborThe first mass labor organization created among America's working class. Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s, the Knights of Labor attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity, gender, ideology, race, and occupation to build a universal brotherhood of all workers.
- 11AnarchismThe advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means. Feared for their views, anarchists became scape-goats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing.
- 12Haymarket SquareThe 1886 conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed o wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists. The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations, including the knights of labor.
- 13Farmer's AllianceA rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of he 1870s that spread across the plain states and the South. The Farmer's Alliance advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middle men, and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads.
- 14Interstate Commerce ActAn 1887 act that created the Interstate Commerce Commission, a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates.
- 15Closed ShopA workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. The closed shop was advocated by craft unions as a method of keeping out lower-wage workers and strengthening the unions' bargaining position with employers.
- 16American Federation of LaborOrganization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiations with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.
- 17Treaty of KanagawaAn 1854 treaty that, in the wake of a show of military force by U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry, allowed American ships to refuel at two ports in Japan.
- 18Munn v. IllinoisAn 1877 Supreme Court case that affirmed that states could regulate key businesses, such as railroads and grain elevators, if those businesses were "clothed in the public interest".
- 19Gold StandardThe practice of backing a country's currency with its reserves of gold. In 1873 the United States, following Great Britain and other European nations, began converting to the Gold Standard.
- 20Crime of 1873A term used by those critical of an 1873 directing the U.S. Treasury to cease minting silver dollars, retire Civil War-era Greenbacks, and replace them with notes backed b the Gold Standard from an expanded system of national banks
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- Fichas sobre APUSH Key Terms: Chapters 16-20, creado por KelseyDiggs el 26/01/2015.
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