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Intro Psych 2- Midterm 1
Fichas del conjunto (68)
- 1GaltonReasoned that because people learn about the world from their senses, people with superior sensory ability would be able to learn more
- 2Developmental PsychologyThe study of human physical, cognitive, social and behavioural characteristics across the lifespan
- 3AnthropometricsThe measurement of people
- 4Binet- Argued that intelligence should be indicated by more complex thinking processes, such as memory, attention and comprehension
- Intelligence in this view reflects how well people are able to reason and solve problems plus their accumulated knowledge - 5Defn: IntelligenceThe ability to think, understand, reason and adapt to overcome obstacles
- 6Stanford- Binet Test- Terman (1916)
- a test measured intended to measure innate levels of intelligence - 7Deviation (IQ)Calculated by comparing the person's test score with the average score for people of the same age
- 8IQCalculated by taking a person's mental age dividing it by their chronological age and then multiplying by 100
- 9Raven's Progressive MatricesAn intelligence test that is based on pictures, not words, thus making it relatively unaffected by language and cultural background
- 10Stereotype ThreatOccurs when negative stereotypes about a group cause group members to underperform on ability tests
- 11Carol Dweck's 2 theories about the nature of intelligenceEntity theory: The belief that intelligence is a fixed characteristic and relatively difficult or impossible to change
Incremental Theory: The belief that intelligence can be shaped by experiences, practice and effort - 12SavantAn individual with low mental capacity in most domains but extraordinary abilities in other specific areas such as music, mathematics or art
- 13Factor AnalysisA statistical technique that examines correlations between variables to find clusters of related variables or "factors"
- 14General Intelligence Factor (g)according to spearman, g represented a person's "mental energy", reflecting his belief that some people's brains are simply more "powerful" than others
- 15SSpecific level, skill based intelligence
- 16Intelligence as Multiple Specific Abilities- Louis Thurstone
- He examined scores of general intelligence tests using factor analysis and found 7 different clusters of what he termed primary mental abilities
- fluency
- verbal comprehension
- numeric abilities
- spatial visualization
- memory
- perceptual speed
- reasoning - 17Fluid Intelligence (Gf)A type of intelligence used in learning new information and solving new problems not based on knowledge the person already possesses
- 18Crystallized Intelligence (Gc)A type of intelligence that draws upon past learning and experience
- 19Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceA theory that divides intelligence into 3 distinct types:
- Analytical: the ability to reason logically through a problem and to find solutions
- Practical: the ability to find solutions to real world problems that are encountered in everyday life
- Creative: the ability to generate new ideas and novel solutions to problems - 20Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligencesa model claiming that there are 7 (updated to 9) different forms of intelligence
1. verbal linguistic
2. logical mathematical
3. visuospatial
4. bodily kinesthetic
5. musical/rhythmical
6. interpersonal
7. self intrapersonal
8. naturalistic
9. existential - 21Gene knockout studiesremoving a specific gene and comparing the characteristics of animals with and without that gene
- 22Behavioural influences on intelligencegenetics-- twin and adoption studies
the heritability of intelligence
behaviour genomics - 23Environmental influences on intelligencebirth order, socioeconomic status. nutrition, stress, education
- 24Behavioural Influences on intelligence- brain training programs
- nootropic drugs: believed to beneficially affect intelligence
ex. caffeine, nicotine - 25Cross Sectional DesignUsed to measure and compare samples of people at different ages at a given point in time
- 26Longitudinal DesignFollows the development of the same set of individuals through time
- 27Cohort EffectsDifferences between people that result from being born in different time periods
- 28ZygotesThe nuclei of egg + sperm fused
- 29Prenatal Development Germinal Stage(0-2 weeks)- conception leads to the formation of the zygote, after 6 days is called a blastocyst. Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus. Cellular divisions take place that lead to multiple organ, nervous system and skin tissues
- 30Prenatal Development Embryonic Stage(2-8 weeks)- stage in which basic cell layers become differentiated. The embryo begins developing major physical structures such as the heart and nervous system, as well as the beginnings of the arms, legs, hands and feet
- 31Prenatal Development Fetal Stage(week 8- birth)- the skeletal, organ and nervous systems become more developed and specialized
- 32Teratogenssubstances such as drugs or environmental toxins that impair the process of development
- 33Fetal Alcohol SyndromeInvolves abnormalities in mental functioning, growth and facial development in the offspring of women who use alcohol during pregnancy
- 34Preterm infantsBorn earlier than 36 weeks
- 35ReflexesInvoluntary muscular reactions to specific types of stimulation
- 36The Rooting Reflexelicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orient themselves toward the stimulation and makes sucking sounds
- helps the infants begin feeding immediately after birth - 37The Moro ReflexOccurs when infants lose support of their head. Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion
- allows the infant to hold on to the mother when support is suddenly lost - 38The Grasping ReflexElicited by stimulating the infant's palm
- facilitates safely holding on to one's caregiver - 39SynaptogenesisThe forming of new synaptic connections
- 40Synaptic PruningThe loss of weak nerve cell connections
- 41Sensitive PeriodA window of time during which exposure to a specific type of environmental stimulation is needed for normal development of a specific ability
- 42Cognitive DevelopmentThe study of changes in memory, thought and reasoning processes that occur throughout the lifespan
- 43AssimilationFitting new information into the belief system one already possesses
- 44AccommodationA creative process whereby people modify their belief structures based on experience
- 45Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor(0-2 years) -Cognitive experience is based on direct sensory experience with the world, as well as motor movements that allow infants to interact with the world
- 46Object PermanenceThe ability to understand that objects exist when they cannot be directly perceived
- 47Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Preoperational(2-7 years) - Thinking moves beyond the immediate appearance of objects. The child understands physical conservation and that symbols, language and drawings can be used to represent ideas
- 48ConservationThe knowledge that the quantity or amount of an object is not the same as the physical arrangement and appearance of that object
- 49Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Concrete Operational Thought(7-11 years) - the ability to perform mental transformations on objects that are physically present emerges. Thinking becomes logical and organized
- 50Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development Formal Operational(11- adulthood) - the capacity for abstract and hypothetical thinking develops, scientific reasoning becomes possible
- 51Core Knowledge HypothesisInfants have inborn abilities fro understanding some key aspects of their environment
- 52HabituationRefers to a decrease in responding with repeated exposure to an event
- 53DishabituationAn increase in responsiveness with the presentation of a new stimulus
- 54Zone of Proximal DevelopmentLev Vygotsky (1978)
Proposed that development is ideal when children attempt skills and activities that are just beyond what they can do alone, but they have guidance from adults who are attentive to their progress - 55ScaffoldingA highly attentive approach to teaching in which the teacher matches guidance to the learner's needs
- 56AttachmentThe enduring emotional bond formed between individuals initially between infants and caregivers
ex: harlow monkeys experiment - 57Strange SituationAinsworth (1978)
- a way of measuring infant attachment by observing how infants behave when exposed to different experiences that involve anxiety and comfort - 58Strange situation 3 attachment stylesSecure- the caregiver is a secure base that the child turns toward occasionally "checking in". The child shows some distress when caregiver leaves, and avoids the stranger. When the caregiver returns the child seeks comfort and their distress is relieved.
- 59Strange Situation 3 attachment stylesInsecure Attachment- 2 types
Anxious/Ambivalent: The caregiver is a base of security but the child depends too strongly on their caregiver, exhibiting "clingy behaviours" rather than being comfortable exploring the room on their own. The child is very upset when the caregiver leaves and is quite fearful toward the stranger
Avoidant- The child behaves as though they do not need the caregiver at all, and plays as though they are oblivious to the caregiver. The child is not upset when the caregiver leaves, and does not seek contact then they return - 60Strange Situation 3 attachment stylesDisorganized- best characterized by instability, the child has learned (typically through abusive and inconsistent experiences) that caregivers are both sources of comfort and fear, leaving the child to oscillate between seeking comfort and wanting to get away. The child experiences a strong ambivalence and reinforces this through inconsistent behaviour, seeking closeness and then pulling away or often freezing, paralyzed in indecision
- 61Psychosocial Development1. Infancy- trust vs mistrust
2. Toddlerhood- autonomy vs shame
3. Early childhood- Initiative vs guilt
4. Childhood- Industry vs inferiority - 62Self AwarenessThe ability to recognize one's individuality
- 63EgocentricMeaning that they only consider their own perspective
- 64Theory of mindThe ability to understand that other people have thoughts, beliefs and perspectives that may be different from one's own
- 65Attachment Behavioural SystemFocused on meeting our own needs for security
- 66Caregiving Behavioural SystemFocused on meeting the needs of others
- 67IntrojectionThe internalization of the conditional regard of significant others
- 68Inductive disciplineInvolves explaining the consequences of a child's actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings
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- Fichas sobre Intro Psych 2- Midterm 1, creado por Paige Lane el 29/01/2020.
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- Paige Lane
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