¡GoConqr estrena diseño! Cuéntanos qué te parece.

Regístrate gratis

Fichas

A2 Health Psychology Studies

melissa.hobbs Inglés 3,3Valoración media 3,3 de 5 (3 valoraciones) 149 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (149)

  1. 1What is the purpose of the Health Belief model?A theory to explore the reasons people may not practice health behaviours.
  2. 2What 7 influences can impact a person into changing their health behaviours?Susceptibility
    Severity
    Cues to action (prompts to start change)
    Costs
    Benefits
    Health motivation
    Perceived Control
  3. 3What study relates to the Health Belief Model?Abraham
  4. 4What is the aim of Abraham's study?intentions of carrying out HIV preventative behaviour
  5. 5What is the sample of Abraham's study?351 scottish teens
  6. 6What is the method of Abraham's study?Self Report/Postal Questionnaire
  7. 7What did Abraham find?Most intended to use preventative behaviour.
    Costs outweighed pros
    =Awkward
    =Pleasure reduction
    Didn't perceive high susceptibility
  8. 8What is the Locus of Control?Our beliefs of what control events in our lives.
  9. 9What are the two types of Locus of Control?Internal - Think rationally and understand your actions have consequences
    External - Irrational belief that all events stem from an external source and you have no control
  10. 10Where does our LoC come from?It all stems from past experiences.
    Internal coming from consistent rewards and punishment
    External coming from inconsistent rewards and punishment
  11. 11Which study is relevant to the LoC?Steptoe and Wardle
  12. 12What is the aim of Steptoe and Wardle's research?investigate the relationship between health LoC, health values and 10 health related behaviours (e.g. not smoking, seatbelt use, daily toothbrushing)
  13. 13What is the sample of Steptoe and Wardle's research?Over 7000 students
  14. 14What did Steptoe and Wardle find?P's with the highest INTERNAL scores were more likely to perform 5 or more health behaviours.
    Low INTERNAL and High EXTERNAL scores = poor health choices
  15. 15How is LoC measured?Self Report
    Use a likert scale (degree to agree) on statements about attitude to health behaviours.
  16. 16What is Self Efficacy?The inner belief that you can successfully carry out a change in your health behaviour
  17. 17What 2 aspects make up your Self Efficacy?Outcome Expectations - general belief about outcome of the behaviour.
    Efficacy Expectations - Past experiences, Vicarious (Other's) experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal.
  18. 18How does emotional arousal effect your self efficacy?If there is high emotional arousal, generally S.E is low.
    Low emotional arousal = High S.E
  19. 19How does cognitive appraisal effect our Self Efficacy?Cognitive Appraisal is the assessment of a situation so our belief about the situation may influence our S.E
  20. 20What study relates to Self Efficacy?Bandura & Adams
  21. 21What is the aim of Bandura & Adams' study?assess the S.E of patients undergoing Systematic desensitisation
  22. 22What was the sample of Bandura and Adams' study?10 Snake phobic patients
    (via self selected-newspaper ad)
  23. 23What is the method of Bandura and Adams' study?Correlational
  24. 24What were the 3 stages on Bandura and Adams' procedure?1. P's completed 29 tasks (increased exposure to snake) + S.E measured before each task.
    2. Systematic Desensitisation
    3. Tasks re-administered (1 week after 2. max.)
  25. 25What were the results of Bandura and Adams' study?Efficacy expectations increased- pre 15% post 50%
    Ability to interact with snake pre 11% post 54%
  26. 26What are the 3 methods of health promotion?Media Campaigns
    Legislation
    Fear Arousal
  27. 27How does the World Health Organisation (WHO) define health promo?"the process of enabling people to increase control and improve their health"
  28. 28How do media campaigns work?Seek to change behaviour by first changing attitudes
  29. 29What study uses media campaigns?Cowpe
  30. 30What does Cowpe seek to change? (Aim)Investigate if ads could reduce chip-pan fires
  31. 31What method did Cowpe use?Quasi-experiment
    Questionnaires and analysis of fire brigade records/stats
  32. 32What was the sample?10 regions between 1976 - 1984
  33. 33What did Cowpe use as the procedure?2 ads showing cause and actions to put fire out.
  34. 34What were the results of Cowpe's study?STATS - The largest reduction of chip pan fires was during the campaign.
    If the regions were exposed on more than one channel it showed less impact.
    Q - increased awareness & chip pans mentioned more as dangerous (Y'Shire pre - 12% post - 28% )
  35. 35How does legislation work?Legislation is an authoritarian approach to prevent unsafe and unhealthy behaviours.
  36. 36Example of legislation to prevent unsafe/unhealthy behaviours1930-1962 Road Traffic Act ammended 3 times - recognised driving under influence unsafe = illegal.
    1964 = Accident, Alcohol and Risk Study discovered 80mg Alc per 100ml blood high risk.
    1967 Road Safety Act = set of legal drink driving limit
  37. 37What study uses legislation?Dannenberg
  38. 38What was the aim of Dannenbergs study?investigate effect of legislation and educational campaigns on use of cycle helmets
  39. 39Method of Dannenbergs study?Self Report - Survey
  40. 40Sample of Dannenbergs study?47 schools in 3 counties in Maryland
    -Howard = Law & ed
    -Montgomery = ed
    -Baltimore - no intervention (control)
  41. 41How did legislation have an effect in Dannenberg's study?There was a positive impact of legislation, but health promo alone was minimal.
    Howard = increase 37%
    Baltimore = 13%
    Montgomery = 12%
    Ed didn't really have much diff
  42. 42What is fear arousal?It helps people recognize and respond to dangerous situations
  43. 43What study relates to fear arousal?Janis and Feshbach
  44. 44What is the aim Janis and Feshbach's study?Investigate the consequences on emotions and behaviour of fear appeals
  45. 45What is the method Janis and Feshbach's study?Lab experiment
  46. 46What is the sample Janis and Feshbach's study?14/15 y-o At High School US
  47. 47What conditions were the P's put in?Independent measures
    1. Strong fear appeal - painful consequences of poor dental hygiene
    2. moderate fear appeal - little info
    3. minimal - neutral info on tooth growth
    4. lecture on eye structure
  48. 48What is the procedure Janis and Feshbach's study?- Questionnarie before on dental practices
    - 15 min lecture
    - Questionnaire after on emotional reactions
    - questionnaire week later - effects of lecture
  49. 49What is the results Janis and Feshbach's study?-amount of knowledge same all 4 groups
    -strong fear = too unpleasant
    - Change = Strong = 8% (defensive avoidance) Minimal = 36%
  50. 50What are some reasons for non-adherence?- Forgetfulness
    - Side effects
    - Complex treatment
    - Feeling better
    - misunderstanding instructions
  51. 51Which study investigates adherence?Bulpitt
  52. 52What is the aim of Bulpitt?To investigate the adherence in hypertensive patients
  53. 53What method did Bulpitt use?review article highlighting issues with taking blood pressure tablets to identify physical and psychological effects
  54. 54What did Bulpitt find?Anti- hypertensive medication has many side effects
    - sleepiness
    - dizziness
    - disturbed cognitive functioning (can effect work + hobbies)
    15% withdrew from treatment due to side effects
  55. 55What are some meaures of adherence?-Self Report
    - Mechanical Pill Counts
    - Physiological measures
    - Therapeutic outcome
  56. 56What study explores measures of adherence?Lustman
  57. 57What is the aim of Lustman's study?Effectiveness of fluoxetine in treating depression
  58. 58What size sample did Lustman use?60 patients type 1 or 2 diabetes and depression
    2 Conditions - Fluoxetine or placebo
    (double -blind)
  59. 59What were the measures that Lustman used?- Assessment of depression by psychometric
    - Assessment of adherence by GHb = glycaemic control
  60. 60What results did Lustman get?Patients in the fluoxetine group had lower depression and lower GHb ( indicating they adhered)
    Reduced depression = greater adherence
  61. 61What study looks at improving adherence?Watt
  62. 62What is the Aim of Watt's study?If using funhaler improved adherence
  63. 63Method of Watt's study?Quasi field experiment
  64. 64What was Watt's sample?32 Australian Children
    (Design - repeated measures)
  65. 65What was the procedure for Watt's study?P's used a normal inhaler for 1 week.
    Used funhaler in second week.
    End of each week, parent complete adherence questionnaire
  66. 66What did Watt find? (results)38% medicated day previous with funhaler
    60% more children took recommended dose with funhaler
  67. 67Who defined dysfunctional behaviour?Rosenhan & Seligman
  68. 68What do Rosenhan and Seligman say defines dysfunctional/abnormal behaviour?- Deviation from statistical norms = if you fall outside of the range considered statistically typical.
    - Deviation from social norms
    - Failure to function adequately = i.e unpredictable + irrational behaviour, observer discomfort (make other uncomfortable)
  69. 69What two tools can be used in diagnosis?- ICD 10 (International Classification of Diseases and related health problems)
    - DSM 5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)
  70. 70Characteristics of the ICD 10- Revised 9 times
    -Covers all types of illness (inc psych)
    - 11 categorie for mental illness containing symptoms
  71. 71Characteristics of DSM 5-Created by clinicians for clinicians
    - exclusively for mental health
    - approx 380 disorders
    - Revised 4 times
    - 3 sections = Instructions, 20 chapters with disorders and diagnostic criteria, tools to enhance diagnosis
  72. 72Which study looks into biases that may occur during diagnosis?Ford & Widiger
  73. 73What is the aim of Ford and Widiger?investigate if clinicians stereotype disorders to genders
  74. 74What method did Ford and Widiger use?Field exp using Self report
  75. 75What was Ford and Widiger's procedure?Clinicians recieve case study of patient,
    - male/female/unclassifed -
    Suffering from symptoms
    - Anti-social personality disorder/histrionic personality disorder/mixed -
  76. 76What were the IV and DV used by Ford and Widiger?IV = Gender of the patient
    DV = Diagnosis made by clinician
  77. 77Sample of clinicians used by Ford and Widiger?266 Clinical psychologists actually took part
    (issue with subject attrition)
    - randomly selected from register.
  78. 78What results did Ford and Widiger get?Histrionic Personality disorder was stereotyped to women.
    So, Females with ASPD = mis-diagnosed 46% with HPD
    More likely to be diagnosed correctly with HPD if female. F=76% M=44%
    Gender unclass = borderline Personality disorder
  79. 79What study provides a behavioural explanation for dysfunctional behaviour?Watson & Raynor
  80. 80What is the aim of Watson and Raynor's study?investigate the possibility to induce fear of an unfeared object through classical conditioning
  81. 81Method and sample behind Watson and Raynor?A case study-
    using only one P, Little Albert
  82. 82Procedure used in Watson and Raynor?-Test Little Albert's reactions- only fear is loud noise
    -Create loud noise when with non-feared objects
    - Classical Conditioned response- associate fear felt from noise to previously unfeared object
  83. 83What study can provide a cognitive insight to explain dysfunctional behaviour?Beck
  84. 84Describe Beck's ABC model-Process around cognitive distortions (such as filtering and polarized thinking)
    A = Activating stimulus
    B = Belief (about the situation/stimulus = rational or irrational)
    C = Consequence (rational belief = healthy beh, irrational belief = unhealthy beh)
  85. 85Beck's study- What is the aim?to understand cognitive distortions in patients with depression
  86. 86What method did Beck use?Beck used a series of self report methods
    i.e interviews, reports and diaries in analysis, records of patients verbalisations
  87. 87What results did Beck find?- Beck discovered many themes throughout depressed patients.
    i.e. low self esteem, self blame, desire to escape, paranoia, feelings of inferiority etc.
    - These cognitive distortions were often automatic ( they don't realise they are doing it) and persistent.
  88. 88What study suggests biological explanations for dysfunctional behaviour?Gottesman and Shields
  89. 89What was the aim of Gottesman and Shield study?review research on the genetic transmission of Schizophrenia
  90. 90What method did Gottesman and Shield use?Research analysis - review adoption and twin studies into Schizophrenia 1967 -1976
  91. 91What procedure did Gottesman and Shields carry out?Investigated the incidence of Schizophrenia in biological parents and adoptive parents (nature v nurture) and the concordance rate between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
  92. 92What did Gottesman and Shields discover?All 3 adoptive studies saw higher incidence of Schizophrenia if biological parent had it.
    Higher concordance rate of schizophrenia in monzygotic twins.
    Evidence of a genetic predisposition
  93. 93What study provides insight into a behavioural treatment for dysfunctional behaviour?McGrath
  94. 94What is the aim of McGrath's study?to document the successful use of systematic desensitisation for a phobia
  95. 95Method used by McGrath?Case Study
    4 weeks
  96. 96What was the sample in McGrath's study?1 - Little girl called Lucy, afraid of noise/balloons
  97. 97What was the procedure used in McGrath's study?- Taught relaxation + coping techniques
    - Used a fear scale, 1-10
    -Exposure was increased as Lucy grew used to the coping mechanisms and to control her fear
  98. 98What findings did McGrath make?Throughout the desensitisation, as the exposure grew, Lucy learnt to cope with it, and so her rating on fear scale dropped.
  99. 99What is a study that shows a cognitive treatment for dysfunctional behaviour?Ross & Scott
  100. 100What was the aim of Ross & Scott's study?Investigate the effectiveness of group and individual cognitive therapy against drug therapy
  101. 101What method did Ross & Scott use?Self report -Scales = Beck depression inventory (to assess depression)
    =interview based on Montgomery Asberg Depression scale
  102. 102What sized sample did Ross & Scott use?52 participated
    (after subject attrition, was 72)
  103. 103What design did Ross & Scott use?Independent grousp, Randomly allocated to individual therapy, group therapy or 'the waiting list' i.e drug therapy
  104. 104What was the procedure that Ross & Scott used?Cognitive therapy sessions occurred 12 times per patient. Every 3 months P's clinical and psychometric test were readministered
  105. 105What findings did Ross & Scott make?- Cognitive therapy had a significant effect, but there was no significant difference between individual and group.
    - 20 patients were assessed 12 months after therapy = lasting effect- still improved since before therapy.
    - Any cog therapy is better than drug therapy & it has long term effects
  106. 106What study shows biological treatment for dysfunctional behaviour?Cole
  107. 107What is the aim of Cole's study?to assess the effectiveness of Thorazine to treat symptoms of Schizophrenia
  108. 108How large was the sample in Cole's study?Patients with Schizophrenia admitted to 9 different psychiatric hospitals
  109. 109What procedure did Cole use?- 2 conditions - Thorazine and placebo
    - 6 weeks under drug treatment
    - Doctors/nurse regularly rated prominence of 21 specific symptoms & rated on scale 1-7 to determine how mentally ill they were compared before and after
  110. 110What findings did Cole make?- 75% taking Thorazine rated as much improved compared to 23% in placebo
    - after 6 weeks, 16% thorazine = rated normal, 30% bordeline mentally ill.
    - Thorazine group showed improvements on 13/21 of symptoms
  111. 111What type of feelings is an anxiety disorder characterised by?fear and anxiety
  112. 112Name an Anxiety disorder.Phobia
  113. 113What does an affective disorder cause a disturbance in?mood and emotions
  114. 114Name an affective disorderDepression
  115. 115What does a psychotic disorder cause?A detachment from reality
  116. 116Name a psychotic disorderSchizophrenia
  117. 117What are the two types of depression?Reactive depression - sparked by stressful event outside ourselves
    Endogenous depression - arises within a person-independent of external events
  118. 118What are the two types of schizophrenia?- Chronic onset - the gradual change
    - Acute onset - symptoms/signs can appear suddenly, often after a stressful event
  119. 119What study can give a behavioural explanation for an affective disorder?Lewinsohn
  120. 120What is the aim of Lewinsohn's study?investigate if depression is caused by a lack of positive reinforcment (operant conditioning)
  121. 121What is the sample for Lewinsohn's study?30 p's
    3 conditions
    -diagnosed with depression
    -diagnosed with disorder other than depression
    -normal controls
  122. 122What procedure did Lewinsohn use?Over 30 days, P's record mood daily on checklist, rate 320 activities on pleasantness and frequency that they do these activities. = measures of positive reinforcement.
  123. 123What findings did Lewinsohn make?- Significant positive correlations between mood ratings and pleasant activities.
    - Involvement in activities correlated with positive mood ratings.
  124. 124Which study can provide a biological explanation for an affective disorder?McGuffin
  125. 125What was the aim of McGuffin's study?to investigate the effects of genes and shared family environments in the development of depression.
  126. 126What sample did McGuffin use?177 pairs of twins
    from a register
    over 40 years
  127. 127What procedure did McGuffin use?- Diagnosed or co-twins interviewed as current state examination (for major depression), and about living circumstances together as twins
  128. 128What findings did McGuffin make?Major depression can be attributed to heritable factors.
    46% concordance rate in monozygotic twins
    20% in dizygotic twins
  129. 129What study an provide a cognitive explanation for an affective disorder?Seligman
  130. 130What is the aim of Seligamn's study?Investigate the learned helplessness of depression
  131. 131What was the sample of Seligman's study?2 dogs
  132. 132What procedure did Seligman use?- 2 Conditions (independent groups)
    1. Dog rested
    2. Dogs kept in an hammock and experienced random inescapable shocks
    - Both dogs put in a box, seperated with small wall.
    - On one side grates on floor administer electric shock.
  133. 133What findings did Seligman make?The dog in condition 1, who had rested, quickly learnt to jump the wall and escape.
    Dog 2, learnt helplessness and persevered.
  134. 134What is a study that illustrates a behavioural treatment of an affective disorder?Lewinsohn
  135. 135What is the aim of Lewinsohn's study?TO evaluate the efficacy of a coping with depression course
  136. 136Sample of Lewinsohn's study?59 teens diagnosed with depression
    Recruited by letters and announcements at schools
    (after 10 left- subject attrition)
  137. 137What were the conditions?1. Only the adolescent attended
    2. Adolescent and parent attended a parent class
    3. on a 'waiting list'
  138. 138Procedure of Lewinsohn?- Therapists controlled = manual
    - 14 x 2 hour treatments over 7 weeks
    - skills training i.e relaxation methods (phys), Control irrational thought (cog), increase social skills.
    - Parents taught how to reinforce
  139. 139Findings made by Lewinsohn?1. teens = 57% met criteria for dep
    2. teens + parents = 52% met criteria for dep
    3. control = 94.7% met criteria for dep
  140. 140What study shows biological treatments for an affective disorder?Murlow
  141. 141What is the aim of Murlow?effectiveness of anti-depressants
  142. 142What is the sample in Murlow's study?5,940 patients with depression
  143. 143What procedure did Murlow use?Literature reviewed 1/32 new anti-depressants with either another new one, and older one or a placebo.
  144. 144What results did Murlow discover?- 63% of those on newer drugs saw at least a 50% bigger improvement
    - 35% on placebo saw 50% or bigger improvement.
    - No sig diff between those on newer or older drugs
  145. 145What study shows a cognitive treatment for an affective disorder?Wright
  146. 146What is the aim of Wright's study?To investigate the effectiveness of of computer assisted CBT against standard CBT for Major depression
  147. 147What is the sample of Wright's study?45 P's with major depressive disorder
  148. 148Method used by Wright?Quasi Experiment
  149. 149What was the procedure of Wright's study?- 9 sessions over 8 weeks
    - Never had CBT
    - Assessed by trained blind raters before therapy, after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and again 3 and 6 months after treatment.

Información

Descripción
A2 Health Psychology Studies under the OCR exam board
Creado por
melissa.hobbs
Visitas
200
Valoración
Valoración media 3,3 de 5 (3 valoraciones)

Escríbenos

¿Sobre qué es tu mensaje?

¿Qué te parece el nuevo diseño?

¿Te gusta?