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Geography AS Key Words
Fichas del conjunto (62)
- 1MigrationThe movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least a year. This move may be within a country (national migration) or between countries (international migration)
- 2UrbanisationThe growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
- 3EmigrantSomeone leaving their country of residence to move to another country
- 4Rural-to-urban migrationMoving home from a rural area to settle in a town or city
- 5IndustrialisationA process usually associated with the development of an economy where an increasing proportion of people work in industry
- 6Demographic Transition Model (DTM)A theoretical model that shows changes in population information (birth and death rates and population growth) over a period of time
- 7Push-pull factorsPush factors are negative aspects of a place that encourage people to move away
Pull factors are the attractions and opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there - 8Dependency RatioThe balance between people who are independent (work and pay tax) and those who depend on them. Ideally, the fewer dependents for each independent person, the better off economically a country is
- 9HIVHuman immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the immune system of people who are infected. Infection is caused when body fluids from an infected person are passed into the body of another. This can happen through unprotected sexual intercourse, blood transfusions, sharing needles, or from mother to baby during birth
- 10AidsAcquired immune deficiency syndrome; a group of infections including pneumonia, TB and skin cancers that strike people whose immune system has been damaged by the HIV virus
- 11Exponential GrowthA pattern where the growth rate constantly increases often shown as a j-curve graph
- 12Replacement RateA birth rate high enough for a generation to be the same size as the one before it
- 13Economic MigrantSomeone trying to improve their standard of living, who moves voluntarily
- 14Asylum SeekersPeople who believe that their lives are at risk if they remain in their home country and who seek to settle in another (safe) country
- 15Life ExpectancyThe number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth
- 16ImmigrantSomeone entering a new country with the intention of living there
- 17Country of OriginThe country from which a migration starts
- 18TransmigrationA population policy that aims to move people from densely populated areas to sparsely populated areas and provide them with opportunities to improve the quality of their lives
- 19Age StructureThe proportion of each age group in a population. This links closely to the stage a country has reached in the demographic transition model
- 20Birth Rate (BR)The number of babies born per 1000 people per year
- 21Under PopulationWhen an increase in population could increase the average quality of life
- 22Natural Decrease (ND)The death rate is greater than the birth rate
- 23Host CountryThe country where the migrant settles
- 24European Union (EU)A group of countries across Europe that work towards a single market i.e. they trade as if they were one country, without any trade barriers
- 25Gender StructureThe balance between males and females in a population. Small differences can tell us a great deal about a country or city
- 26Asian 'tiger'One of the four east Asian countries of Hong Jong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, where manufacturing industry grew rapidly from the 1960s to the 1990s
- 27Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs)These include the Asian 'tigers' as well as other emerging industrial nations such as Malaysia, the Philippines and China
- 28Infant MortalityThe number of babies that die under a year of age, per 1000 live births
- 29Child MortalityThe number of children that die under five years of age, per 1000 live births
- 30Zero GrowthA population in balance. Birth rate is equal to death rate, so there is no growth or decrease
- 31Natural Increase (NI)The birth rate is greater than the death rate
- 32Natural ChangeThe difference between birth rate and death rate, given as a percentage
- 33Over PopulationWhen any increase in population reduces the average quality of life of the population
- 34Optimum PopulationThe population at which the quality of life of the people of a country or region is the highest possible, at a given level of technological development
- 35Wave FrequencyThe number of waves per minute
- 36Wave CrestThe highest point of a wave
- 37Wave TroughThe lowest point of a wave
- 38Wave SteepnessThe ratio of the wave height to the wave length (can't be steeper than 1:7 as this is when the wave breaks)
- 39Wave PeriodThe time taken for a wave to travel between one wave length
- 40Wave EnergyE∝LH² where L is wavelength and H is wave height. A small increase in wave length will result in a large increase in energy
- 41FetchDistance over which the wind blew
- 42Wave LengthThe distance between two successive crests
- 43Flow Resources(Renewable energy) Infinite, continuous energy sources which can be constantly renewed
- 44CriticalRenewable energy from sustainable energy resources from forests, plants and animal waste, which require careful management (e.g. replanting trees)
- 45Non-criticalRenewable energy from everlasting resources such as tides, waves, running water and solar power
- 46Stock Resources(Non-renewable energy) Finite energy resources whose use means they will eventually run out
- 47Fossil FuelFuel produced over millions of years from the breakdown of organic material, e.g. wood into coal
- 48Energy SurplusHaving more energy available than is required to meet demand
- 49Energy DependencyThe level of energy imports as a proportion of total energy consumption. The higher the proportion of energy imports, the more energy dependent the country is on others
- 50Energy MixThe proportion of primary energy sources (e.g. coal, wood, oil and gas) used to meet demand in a given country
- 51GeopoliticsThe study of the ways in which political decisions and processes affect the use of space and resources. It is the relationship between geography, economics and politics
- 52Trans-National Corporations (TNCs)Companies that operate in more than one country. Many TNCs play a major role in the world energy production and distribution
- 53Sustainable DevelopmentDevelopment that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their needs
- 54Appropriate TechnologyThat which is suitable for the area
- 55ReserveThe proportion of a resource that can be exploited under existing economic conditions and with available technology (the amount we can actually get to)
- 56Recoverable ReservesThe amount of a mineral likely to be extracted for commercial use within a certain time period and at a certain level of technology. They are known to exist as they are in unexplored areas near established areas of production
- 57Speculative ReservesThey are deposits that may exist in a geological basin where no exploration has yet taken place. They occur where the geological make up of the earth's crust is similar to regions that have yielded comparable deposits
- 58Primary Energy SourceResources that can be burnt to generate energy directly, e.g. coal, oil and natural gas
- 59Secondary Energy SourceEnergy sources generated using another fuel, e.g. electricity
- 60Energy SecurityHaving access to reliable and affordable sources of energy
- 61Energy GapThe difference between energy supply and demand
- 62Energy PovertyHaving less energy than is required to meet demand