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History Paper 2 Notes
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- 19th November 1918?The Kaiser Abdicated the throne and left Germany for the Netherlands
- 210th November 1918?Friedrich Ebert became the new leader of the Republic of Germany.
- 3What was the Armistice signed in 1918 about?It was an armistice signed by Ebert with the Allies to say that the war was over
- 4What was the German reaction and effects of the Treaty Of Versailles.The Germans were appalled.
supporters of the Weimar constitution felt betrayed by the Allies. Many opponents to the constitution used this as an argument against Ebert. Ebert had not wanted to sign it but had to because Germany could not go back into war. - 5What was the National Assembly and what did it do?It was an election by all Germans above 20 for drawing up a new constitution.
- 6What were the main terms of the Weimar constitution?Proportional Representation.
The President was Head of State.
The Chancellor was responsible for the day to day government.
Freedom of speech.
Freedom of worship.
Better working conditions. - 7When/ Where did the National Assembly meet?February 1919
In Weimar because Berlin was deemed too dangerous. - 8What were the benefits of the Weimar Constitution?Completely democratic
P.R. was fair.
Guarantees basic human rights - 9What were the disadvantages of the constitution?P.R. encouraged weak/ unstable governments.
Allowed extremist parties into government. - 10Where did the right wing stand on the constitution?There were the kaisers former advisers who all held positions of authority so could restrict what the new government could do. Many of them hoped that the Kaiser would return.
- 11Where did the left wing stand on the constitution?There were many communists who believed that Germany needed a communist revolution like in Russia
- 12What was proportional representation?When a political party holds the same percentage of seats in parliament as they received in the vote. this can end in a dysfunctional parliament where no party has a majority and decisions cant be made.
- 13Who were the Spartacists?Left wing communist group lid by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.
- 14What were the aims of the Spartacicts?They wanted Germany to be ruled by a council of soviet. Not a democracy.
- 15When/How did the Spartacists start they uprising.January 1919
They seized control of public buildings and declared that the Government had been overthrown. - 16Who were the Freikorps?Anti-Communist ex-soldiers who formed vigilante groups. Civilians and University students often joined as well.
- 17What happened between the Spartacists and the Freikorps?Ebert hired the Freikorps to fight the Spartacists. Street fights ensued. the Freikorps won. Leibknecht and Luxemburg were killed.
- 18What was the Kapp Putsch?A rebellion led by right wing Wolfgang Kapp. The Freikorps were on Kapp's side. The army refused to shoot the Freikorps. the German public declared a strike which meant the putsch had no power or water. Kapp left the country but was tracked down and died.
- 19What was the Munich PutschHitler hijacked a government meeting ans declared he was taking over the government of Bavaria. Nazi storm troopers took over official buildings. The Weimar government hit back, sending in police who shot at the Nazis killing 16 of them. Hitler lost.
- 20Why did the French invade The Ruhr?Because Germany had not met its reparation payment in 1922. They invaded and took what was owed to them in raw materials and goods.
- 21What was the German reaction to the French invasion of The Ruhr?The government ordered passive resistance (go on strike). The French reacted by killing over 100 workers and expelling protesters. this also caused the collapse of the German currency
- 22What was hyperinflation?there was no trade due to the passive resistance so the German government simply printed more money. This caused the money to become worthless. effected the poor, middle class and pensioners alike.
- 23How did Gustav Stresemann end hyperinflation?He called off the passive resistance.
He bought in all worthless German marks and burned them, replacing them with a new currency called the Rentenmark. Dawes Plan. - 24The Dawes Plan1924
to avert the hyperinflation, America started loaning money to Germany so that they could pay their Reparations. - 25The Locarno Treaties1925
Germany excepted its borders from T.O.V. Britain and Italy vowed to help France if Germany invaded.
The Rhineland would remain as it was.
Future disputes between France and Germany would be settled by the league. - 26Kellogg- Briand Pact.65 countries agreed not to use force to settle disagreements.
Nothing was agreed about what the league would do. - 27The Young Plan1929
Reduced Germany's reparation payments. - 28Extent of recovery under Stresemann: PoliticsBecame more stable. people had faith in the system. Extremist parties did not receive a lot of votes. However, and opposition parties did expand. 30% of the votes went to opposition. 4 different chancellors. Hindenburg became president (against democracy).
- 29Extent of recovery under Stresemann: EconomicallyProsperity was built back up. Industry recovered. by 1928 there were the same levels of trade as before the war. However, US loans could be called in at any moment. Peasants did not benefit as they were over producing after the war.
- 30Extent of recovery under Stresemann: CulturallyCultural revival. writers, poets and artists flourished. new styles of architecture. Golden age of cinema, Marlene Dietrich and Fritz Lang. No more censorship. good night life. Some saw this as moral decline.
- 31What were the origins of the Nazi party?Called the German Workers Party. Led by Anton Drexler. 1919 Hitler joined and was made head of propaganda. in 1920 the became known as the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis). in 1921 Hitler removed Drexler as leader.
- 32Outcome of the Munich PutschHitler and other leading Nazis were put on trial for treason. This gave Hitler added publicity. He was let off very lightly at the trial only receiving 5 years. He only ended up doing 9 months.
- 33What came out of Hitlers time in prison?Mein Kampf where he outlined his aims and foreign policies. he also came to the realisation that he could not take the Reichstag by force but would have to work his way up democratically and then destroy the system.
- 34What happened to the Nazis during the Stresemann years?They had a decline in popularity because the country was starting to prosper under Stresemann. they started trying to win over peasants who were not prospering under Stresemann and started youth organisations.
- 35What happened to Germany due to the Wall Street CrashGermany was particularly badly affected. to pay off debts in America many people asked for their loans back from Germany. this caused a collapse resulting in bankruptcy and high levels of unemployment in Germany
- 36How did the Nazis benefit from the Wall Street Crash?The Nazis 25 points were very appealing to those most affected by the crash. Hitler offered them people to blame for Germany's misfortunes. these were the same ideals as before only now democracy was failing they seemed more appealing.
- 37How much did this help Germany in elections?In 1930 they received 107 seats and in 1932 they got nearly 200 seats. They did not have an overall majority but they were now the single biggest party.
- 38How effective was Nazi propaganda?it was very modern. they used slogans and spoke of traditional values. they were sometimes unclear as to what their policies were. they had posters, pamphlets and impressive rallies.
- 39Who did the Nazis blame for German misfortune?Jews
Communists
Weimar Politicians
The Treaty of Versailles - 40LIMP PAPER LLong Term Bitterness
People did not like the Treaty of Versailles.
People were bitter at the loss of WWI
Hitler speeches and ideas of expansionism excited the bitter people giving them faith in him. - 41LIMP PAPER IIneffective Constitution
Weaknesses were crippling the constitution. Many people wanted to go back to a dictatorship. People weren't prepared to fight Hitler. - 42LIMP PAPER MMoney
Hitler had financial support from businessmen. This gave him money for his propaganda and election campaigns. - 43LIMP PAPER P-1Propaganda
persuaded the German masses that the Jews were to blame and that Hitler was their only hope. - 44LIMP PAPER P-2Programme
Hitler promised something for everyone so everyone could get behind him. - 45LIMP PAPER AAttacks on other parties
Storm Troopers attacked Jews and opposers to Hitler. people were scared to stand up against him as they did not want t get attacked or killed. - 46LIMP PAPER P-3Personal Qualities
He was a good politician and organiser. His self belief convinced others to believe in him. He was an excellent speaker and apparently his eyes has a special power over people. he was driven but unstable as he believed he was sent by God. - 47LIMP PAPER EEconomic Depression
Hitler offered people Jobs and a place to assign blame which is what people were looking for. - 48LIMP PAPER RRecruited by Hindenburg
Von Papen and Hindenburg needed support so they offered Hitler Vice Chancellorship which he declined. Hindenburg gambled and let him be chancellor thinking that he could control Hitler. - 49What was the Reichstag Fire.He called another election in 1933 to get an overall Nazi majority. On the 27th of February the Reichstag burnt down and Hitler immediately blames the Communists. He was given emergency powers to arrest communists. this frightened voters.
- 50What was the outcome of the 1933 election?Hitler and the Nazis gained a bigger percentage of the votes than they ever had before. They had a coalition with the smaller Nationalist party and had a majority.
- 51What happened to opponents to Hitler?Within a year of the 1933 elections any opponents to Hitler had either left Germany or had been taken to concentration camps guarded by the SS. All other political parties were banned
- 52What else was banned and how did Hitler do it?Hitler used the SA and SS to scare people into passing the Enabling act which allowed him to pass laws without passing them through the Reichstag. He banned communists. The Catholic Party decided to join with Hitler rather than be treated like communists. Trade Unions were banned.
- 53Why did the Night of Long Knives happen?The SA was badly disciplined. Ernst Rohm had spoken of turning the SA into a second army. Hitler was skeptical of Rohm as he had control over the 4 million men which could make him a dangerous rival.
- 54What happened in the Night of Long Knives?Squads of SS men broke into the homes of leading SA figures and arrested them. Hitler accused Rohm of trying to over throw and kill him. over that weekend Rohm and 400 other were executed.
- 55How did Hitler become the Fuhrer?Hindenburg died soon after the night of long knives. Hitler then took over and declared himself Fuhrer (supreme leader). the army swore and oath to Hitler.
- 56Who were the Gestapo?The Gestapo were the state secret police. they could arrest people and send they to concentration camps without a trial. They were very feared by the public.
- 57What was the SS?formed from fanatics and loyals to Hitler. Lead by Heinrich Himmler. They worked the concentration camps or fought along side the army.
- 58The Nuremberg rallies were...Huge rallied. there were band marches, flying displays and Hitler speeches. They were exciting. They showed off the power of the German state. They were organised by Goebbels.
- 59The 1936 Olympics...Nazis had one token Jew in their team to stop other countries boycotting. No expense was spared. Germany came top of the medal tables. Jesse Owens was a black American who won 4 gold medals and broke 11 records to Hitlers dismay. it showed Germany off to the world.
- 60The media...Nazis controlled the media. Goebbels gave permission for books to be published and burnt books that have opposing ideals. Art, Newspapers and cinema was censored. Jazz was banned. He made radios accessible to everyone and played Hitlers speeches all the time. BBC=death.
- 61How did Hitler control education?The education system taught about German history, race and the importance of the Aryan race. He was able to indoctrinate young minds with his ideals.
- 62What was the Hitler Youth?They were groups of athletic children who were very loyal to Hitler. Boys were taught how to clean rifles.
- 63What was the White Rose Movement?The White Rose was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany, consisting of students from the University of Munich and their philosophy professor.
- 64Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?Working class teenagers. They would go camping and sing songs that mocked Germany. If they say groups of Hitler youth they would mock or even attack them. They allowed both genders. The Nazi response was to kill the leaders.
- 65The Kreisau Circle was...Group of officials who planted a bomb by Hitler in the hopes of Killing him and taking over the government themselves. Colonel Stauffenburg was the man who planted the bomb. In retaliation 5000 men were executed,
- 66What was the National Labour Service?It sent unemployed men on public works projects and conservation programmes. In particular the building of Autobahns was a big helpful outcome of the this.
- 67What was included in Hitlers rearmament plan?In 1935 he reintroduced conscription. In 1936 he announced the 4 year plan that stated that Germany would be ready for war in 4 years.
- 68What came out to reintroducing conscription.It vastly reduced unemployment. the need for weapons, equipment and uniforms also created more jobs. it also boosted National pride as Germany lost some of the humiliation it had received after the TOV
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