Fichas
Psychology ~ NVC
Fichas del conjunto (14)
- 1Define non-verbal communicationConveying messages that do not require the use of words or vocal sounds. Includes, eye contact, facial expressions and body language.
- 2What is tone of voice?The way words are spoken to convey a message
- 3Describe and evaluate a study into verbal communication.Argyle, Alkema and Gilmour(1971)
Aim: To see if tone of voice is important when interpreting a message.
Method: Different groups of p's listened to friendly or hostile messages in friendly or hostile tones of voice.
Hostile message-friendly voice
friendly message-hostile voice
Results: When asked to interpret messages, tone of voice had x5 effect of verbal message itself.
Conclusion: Tone of voice is extremely important in ow people interpret verbal messages.
Evaluation:
- Artificial conditions where p's had to concentrate on different aspects of the communication.
- Difficult to apply to real life because it's not a normal conversation. - 4what is intonation?Inflection in the voice when speaking
- 5What is verbal communication?Conveying messages using words or vocal sounds. E.g. talking to someone or just grunting.
- 6Describe and evaluate a study into paralinguistics.Davitz and Davitz (1961)
Aim: To see the effect of paralinguistics on the assessment of emotion.
Method: P's were asked to listen to tape recordings and asses speakers emotions from paralinguistic cues; tone of voice; emphasis; intonation.
Results: High level of accuracy in recognizing these emotions; affection; amusement; disgust and fear.
Conclusion: Paralinguistics has great importance when judging emotion.
Evaluation:
- Artificial conditions where p's had to concentrate on different aspects of the communication.
- Isn't a real conversation so hard to apply to real life. - 7Define emphasis.Giving prominence to some words more than others.
- 8What is the meaning of eye contact?When 2 people are looking at each other's eyes at the same time
- 9Describe and evaluate a study into eye contact.Argyle (1968)
Aim: To see how interrupting eye contact affects conversation.
Method: pairs of o's were observed during conversation. Half of conversations, one wore dark glasses.
Results: When dark glasses were worn, there were more pauses and interruptions then without.
Conclusion: Eye contact is important in ensuring smooth flow of conversation.
Evaluation:
- Knew they were being observed they might of picked up on demand characteristics and acted this way.
- P's may have been effected by someone observing them so may not have acted normally - 10What is the meaning of paralinguistics?These are vocal features that accompany speech. E.g tone of voice, intonation, emphasis (inflection when speaking)
- 11Define touch.A form on non-verbal communication by conveying a message by physical contact between people
- 12Describe and evaluate a study in pupil dilation.Hess (1963)
Aim: To see the effect of pupil dilation on emotion.
Method: P's were shown two identical pictures of a girl and asked which one was more attractive. One had dilated pupils, one didn't.
Results: Majority said picture with dilated pupils was more attractive but couldn't say why.
Conclusion: Pupil dilation and an unconscious but powerful effect on emotion.
Evaluation:
- Asking people to 'get acquainted' and then observe them is artificial.
+ helps us to understand why the use of eye make-up is so popular. - 13What is pupil dilation?When the pupils in the eyes expand to look larger.
- 14Describe and evaluate a study into touch.Fisher, Rytting and Heslin (1976)
Aim: To see the effect of touch on people's attitudes.
Method: Female student were handed a book by a librarian. Librarian was confederate. Half of the students were briefly touched and others were not.
Results: Those who were touched had a more positive attitude towards the librarian than those who weren't. They were not aware they had been touched.
Conclusion: Touch can have an unconscious and positive effect on attitudes.
Evaluation:
- Didn't know they were apart of it so didn't have the right to withdraw.
- Only females so difficult to generalise findings to males and were only students so hard to generalise findings to adults.
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- Fichas sobre Psychology ~ NVC, creado por charliemccarthy2 el 24/11/2013.
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- charliemccarthy2
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