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- 1Why do we have language?1. we're information seeking animals
2. for convenience - 2Language--set of symbols used in a uniform way that must follow specific rules
- 3Sign--Something that occurs naturally. You can call it anything you want, but it still is going to occur.
- 4symbol--writing that represents something else
- 5Rules of language:1) Rule of identity--everything in my universe has to have a name. A=A
2) Rule of noncontradiction-A=/ B. What i call it today, have to call it tomorrow
3) rule of excluded middle-could describe something by what it's not - 6All communication is an artifact of shared _______.meaning
- 7We have to have shared meaning to communicate.Good thing is, we can teach them so that we can have that shared base.
- 8Types of meaning:1. Denotative
2. Connotative - 9Denotative--works like a dictionary, controlled by an individuals "frame of reference", how we view the world depends on our backgrounds
- 10Frames of reference are governed by:1. past experiences
2. memory
3. language - 11Saphir/Worf Hypothesis--Communications viewpoint:
Language --> Thought --> Language
Psychology viewpoint:
Thought --> Language - 12Connotative meanings--concerned with relationships between symbols, objects, and people
- 13How I _______ ____ will depend on how well I communicate.interpret cues
- 14Studies of individual influences center on three variables:1) psychological
2) Sociological
3) Communication Variables - 15Psychological variables:knowledge, confidence, background, beliefs, biases (You can't see them).
- 16Sociological variables--age, gender, dress, language, posture (society determines)
- 17communication variables--sound, tone, rhythm, accent
- 18Managing these variables allows a person to initiate change rather than respond to it. That's called being ________.proactive
- 19By finding the appropriate award conditions it becomes possible to make events happen rather than be pushed around by them.control the psychological, sociological, and communication variables.
- 20Handshaking example:Extrovert: if they shake hands far away from body
Introvert: if shake close to their body - 21Psychological variables:1) Self-monitoring
2) Introvert/Extrovert
3) Machiavellian - 22Self-monitoring--being honest with yourself
- 23What are the characteristics of a low self-monitor?--Don't care what other people think. Don't care if it's appropriate or not.
--to make them feel good, point out their individuality
1. Insensitive to self-presentation
2. Pays little attention to verbal acts (ask to repeat)
3. rarely adapts to mood of sender
4. will hold the floor longer
5. less likely to start conversation - 24Characteristics of high self-monitors:--See the world as a stage
--do what's appropriate at the time, adaptability, blend in
--to make feel good: "You always know what to do" - 25more characteristics of high self-monitoring:1) sensitive to self-presentation
2) monitors of verbal and nonverbal cues (repeat and say same thing)
3) is able to respond to changes in intimacy
4) good at expressing emotions
5) takes shorter turns
6) more likely to start conversation - 26Introverts:--pause more often in conversations
--don't read nonverbals very accurately
--gaze less frequently
--need more space in intimate settings, but there's no difference in other situations - 27Extroverts:--faster speakers
--read nonverbal signs more accurately
--gaze more frequently
--don't mind being close in intimate settings - 28Machiavellianism: the ____ justify the ______Machiavellians get their reward from _________.
- 29High Machiavellian characteristics:--have little investment in self-image
--show little empathy for others
--depersonalizes social interactions
--see people as something to be manipulated
--very willing to accept undeserved praise - 30More high machiavellian characteristics:--operate with an opportunistic sense of timing
--recognize other Machiavellians but tend to underestimate them
--can withstand interpersonal involvements
--adapt to different situations more quickly
--send more persuasive messages than low mach - 31low mach characteristics:--have investment in self-image
--concerned for social welfare
--personalizes interpersonal communication
--see people as individuals
--will avoid undeserved praise - 32Gender Differences: most researched variable in communicationMales communicate in a _____ fashion.
Females communicate in a ______-_________. - 33Huddleston and Smythe Studygave out the BSRI scale. (bim sex-role identification)
students watched tapes focusing on one speaker. counted number of times each action occurred. Found out that only way to predict accurate gender type was through the bim sex-role identification scale. - 34sex-typed--follow stereotype of typical male/female
- 35androgynous--can switch over to opposite communication type
- 36Dialect and accent--communications variables
- 37dialect--variation of a language (usually involves creating words)
- 38accent--variation of the pronunciation of the language (doesn't create new words)
- 39accent influences:1) jobs-the more you sound like everybody else, the better chance to get a job.
blue-collar workers need to speak to fit in (factory and cussing)
white-collar- needs to speak to sound like major audience
2) education- - 40Accent can affect grades:southerner going north--grades worsen
northerner going south--grades get better - 41accent and persuasion:message
>motivation
>ability -->no
content delivery - 42if you talk about things that are related to your region, then...you will talk more like the people from your region.
- 43Language intensity ______ but does not ________.enhances, change
- 44Using intense language, doesn't persuade people, it only _______makes the attitude they already have a lot stronger.
- 45Three types of profanities:1) religious/ethnic
2) excretory
3) sexual - 468.1% of college conversations 3.5% of adult and 12.5% of leisure adult convoprofanity
- 47Most offensive profanity is _________.sexual profanity
- 48Least offensive profanity:religious
- 49Gender and profanity: Describe how gender and profanity affects credibility:Guys: as curse words increase credibility decreases
gals: first few occurrences doesn't affect, but later decreases - 50_______: how fast you speakrate
- 51Average person speaks ____-_____wpm.125-150
- 52Can understand up to ______ wpm600
- 53Describe the relationship between rate and perceived intelligence/attractiveness.The faster you talk, the more intelligent you come off to be. However, there comes a point where the increased rate will cause the liking to start curving down like a horseshoe.
- 54The topic influences the person's judgement of rate.If the speaker is speaking about something that you're familiar with, then it will make you feel like they're talking slowly. If it's a new subject, then it will make you feel like they're talking faster.
- 55Gender influences perceptions.Women are expected to talk faster than men.
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por masykes_10 el 06/12/2013.
- Creado por
- masykes_10 · dic 2013
- Actualizado
- 19 feb 2016
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