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  1. 1Stage 1 starts at what day?22
  2. 2Stage one is a single what? And what is it lined with?Cardiac tube has an inner endocardial tube filled with cardiac jelly
  3. 3What is the cardiac tube surrounded by?Myoepicardial mantle
  4. 4The myoepicardial mantle eventually becomes what?The epicardium and myocardium
  5. 5The cardiac tube is divided into which 5 parts?Truncus Arteriosus, Bulbus Cordis, Conus Cordis, truncus conus
  6. 6What does the truncus arteriosis become?Aorta and Pulmonary Artery
  7. 7What are the 2 sections of the bulbus cordis?Conus cordis, truncus conus
  8. 8What 2 parts does the conus cordis become?LVOT, RVOT
  9. 9The pulmonary valve is separated from the TV by thisCrista supraventricularis
  10. 10What does the truncus conus becomeRV
  11. 11What does the primitive ventricle become?LV
  12. 12What does the sinus venosus become?Proximal vena cava
  13. 13An extra fold in the sinus venosus creates what?Eustachian valve that directs flow across the foramen ovale
  14. 14Stage 2 begins at approx. what day?23
  15. 15What does the tube start to do at the beginning of stage 2?Loop
  16. 16During stage 2, the cephalic portion bends ___and to the___ventrally; right
  17. 17What is it called when the cephalic portion bends ventrally and to the right?Dextro or d-looping
  18. 18Stage 2 is a process called what?atrioventriculobulbo loop
  19. 19The loop is complete at ___days24
  20. 20During stage 2 a ___ is formed and enters the pericardial cavity.Common atrium
  21. 21During stage 2 the ___ canal also forms and becomes the right and left ____atrioventricular canal; ventricular cavity
  22. 22The AV canal connects what?Atrium to the early embryonic ventricles
  23. 23___ days completes stage 228
  24. 24When does contraction of the heart begin?28 days
  25. 25What 3 things happen during stage 3?Bulbis cordis is absorbed, sinus venosus is absorbed, cardiac septa develop forming the four chanber heart
  26. 26What 3 things happen during stage 2?Atrioventriculobulbo looping, common atrium is formed, Atrioventricular canal forms
  27. 27Septa form from the result of the development of what?Endocardial cushion tissue
  28. 28Endocardial cushion tissue forms where?AV canal
  29. 29Stage 3 occurs between which days?27 and 37
  30. 30This happens at approximately day 30Atrial septation
  31. 31What is the first to develop during atrial septation?Septum primum
  32. 32The septum primum leaves open the ___for communication between the two chambersotium primum
  33. 33The ostium primum is obliterated on approx. day ___33
  34. 34Ostium primum is obliterated due to what?fusion of septum primum with the endocardial cushions
  35. 35When is the ostium secundum formed?Approx. day 33
  36. 36When does the septum secundum form?approx. day 37
  37. 37After the septum secundum forms, what is the opening between atrias called?Foramen Ovale
  38. 38The foramen ovale remains open until when?birth
  39. 39What causes the FO to close at birth?Increased pressure in the LA
  40. 40When does septation of the AV canal occur?Approx. day 33
  41. 41Septation of the AV canal begins when two large ___ fuse.Endocardial cushions
  42. 42IVS is formed by the end of the __week7th
  43. 43IVS results from what?dilatation of the two primitive ventricles
  44. 44What is the first portion of the IVS to form?Muscular portion
  45. 45What is happening at approx. 8 weeks?Aorticopulmonary Septum is formed from cushions growing and twisting around each ohter
  46. 46What divides the aortic and pulmonary channels?Aorticopulmonary septum
  47. 47What does the 3rd arch become?Internal carotid
  48. 48What does the 4th arch become?Aortic arch
  49. 49What does the 6th arch become?pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus
  50. 50Cushions of the conus cordis develop ____simultaneously
  51. 51Cushions of the conus cordus unite with the ____septumaorticopulmonary septum
  52. 52When does the membranous IVS form?Approx. week 8
  53. 53The AV valves are formed from what?lateral endocardial cushions
  54. 54Formation of the AV valves begins after what?After the AV canals are complete
  55. 55Semilunar valves form from what?Tubercles on the main truncus swelling
  56. 56The semilunar valves develop between __ and __ weeks.5th and 7th
  57. 57Normal placement in the chestLevocardia
  58. 58Heart is middle mediastinum with apex to the leftlevocardia
  59. 59Righ chest, apex to rightdextrocardia
  60. 60right chest, apex to the leftdextroposition
  61. 61Heart is midline, apex midlinemesocardia
  62. 62What are the 3 types of cardiac situs?Situs solitus, situs inversus, situs ambiguous
  63. 63Which situs is normal?Situs solitus
  64. 64Situs Inversus is very ___rare
  65. 65What are the two syndromes of situs ambiguous?Asplenia syndrome; polysplenia syndrome
  66. 66RA isomersion; bilateral right-sidedness.asplenia syndrome
  67. 67With asplenia, the liver is often ___midline
  68. 68CHD in __-__% of Asplenia cases99-100
  69. 69Which three cardiac positions can occur with asplenia?Dextrocardia, mesocardia, levocardia
  70. 70Left atrial isomersion; bilateral left sidedness.Polysplenia syndrome
  71. 71There is a lower incident of ___ with polyspleniaCHD
  72. 7250% of polysplenia cases have ___apex to the right
  73. 73this is uncommon with polyspleniamesocardia
  74. 74two types of ventricular loopingdextro and levo
  75. 75with dextro looping, the RV is on the __right
  76. 76With levo looping the right ventricle is on the ___left
  77. 77Determine positions by ___anatomical landmarks
  78. 78TV inserts ___ to MVapically
  79. 79RV is highly ___trabeculated
  80. 80LV has a ___ endocardial surfacesmooth
  81. 81LV has how many prominent papillary muscles?2
  82. 82Which great vessel type is normal, dextro or levo?Dextro; AoV to the right of PV
  83. 83Which is normal, concordant connection, or discordant?Concordant
  84. 84A concordant connection is the RA connecting to what across what?RV across the TV
  85. 85A discordant connection is the RA connecting to what across what?LV across MV
  86. 86What is responsible for the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in fetal circulation?placenta
  87. 87What does the placenta do?Delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes waste products
  88. 88In fetal circulation, the ___ pressures are greater than the ___.right is greater than the left
  89. 89In utero, blood travels from the placenta to fetus via the what?Umbilical vein
  90. 90Blood travels through the umbilical vein upwards toward the what?liver
  91. 91Most of the blood is bypassed the liver via the ___Ductus venosus
  92. 92Blood enters the ___ and mixes with blood from the ___IVC; lower limbs
  93. 93Blood from the IVC enters the ___RA
  94. 94The majority of blood that enters the RA is shunted directly into the ___ via the ___LA; foramen ovale
  95. 95Blood that remains in the RA mixes with blood from the ___ and enters the ___SVC; RV
  96. 96It is then pushed through the what?Pulmonary artery
  97. 97The majority of blood that enters the PA passes directly through the ___ to the descending aortaductus arteriosus
  98. 98The remainder of the blood is returned from the lungs via the ___pulmonary veins
  99. 99The blood from the LA continues through the LV and out the ___aorta
  100. 100It then mixes with blood shunted from the ___ductus arteriosus
  101. 101How does blood flow out of the fetus?Two umbilical arteries
  102. 102Returning blood has an O2 saturation of about __%58
  103. 103The ___ closes almost immediately after birthductus arteriosus
  104. 104Closure of the ductus arteriosus is due to what?Vasoactive peptide from the lungs which causes contraction of the muscular walls
  105. 105Once obliterated, the ductus arteriosus forms what?ligamentum arteriosum
  106. 106Closure of the ductus arteriosus results in what?increased pressure of the LA
  107. 107Increased LA pressure plus decreased RA pressure results in what?Closure of the foramen ovale
  108. 108Complete fusion of the foramen ovale is usually complete by __ year of age1
  109. 109Total obliteration of the umbilical arteries is accomplished by when?2 to 3 months
  110. 110The umbilical arteries form what?Medial umbilical ligaments
  111. 111Closure of umbilical veins and ductus venosus occur shortly AFTER what?closure of umbilical arteries
  112. 112Umbilical vein forms what?Ligamentum teres
  113. 113Ductus venosus forms what?Ligamentum venosum
  114. 114RV accounts for __ of total ventricular output, while the LV accounts for __ of total output.2/3
    1/3
  115. 115_% of output flows through the pulmonary arteries8%
  116. 116__% combined ventricular output enters the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus57%
  117. 117__% of CO from the LV perfuses the brain, head, and upper body21%
  118. 118__% remaining blood from LV joins the blood flow across the DA entering the descending aorta10%
  119. 119Important doppler evaluation of fetus is what?PA pressure
  120. 120To be able to estimate PAP, must have one of three circumstances:PDA
    VSD
    TR
  121. 121PAP estimations are based on what equation?Modified Bernoulli
  122. 122The velocity calculation for PAP would depend on which circumstance: PDA use velocity of ___ductus arterious flow
  123. 123VSD use velocity of ___shunt jet
  124. 124TR: use velocity of ___TR jet
  125. 1253 Signs of increased pulmonary pressureIncreased RV size, RVH, Increased PA size
  126. 126Depth of scanning depends on which 3 things?Gestational Age, Maternal body habitus, Amniotic fluid
  127. 127What frequency transducer would you use for fetal scanning?3-7 MHz
  128. 128Must have ___ and ___ to provide physiologic assessmentM-mode and PW
  129. 129What are 5 fetal echo indications?Family Hx of CHD, Known exposure to cardiac teratogens, chromosomal abnormalities,maternal conditions, presence of extracardiac anomalies
  130. 130What is the most common indication for a fetal echo?Family Hx. of CHD
  131. 131With trisomy 21 there is a __-__% chance of CHD40-50%
  132. 132With a diabetic mother, there is a __-__% increased risk of CHD12-16%
  133. 133In a transverse or cross-section of fetus, __ is closest to spine. __ is nearest to anterior chest wall.LA; RV
  134. 134The transverse view provides which 2 views?AP4, and subcostal 4 chamber
  135. 135What is the standard view performed in all OB ultrasounds?Transverse or cross-section of fetus
  136. 1365 measurements to obtain from subcostal 4 chamberwall size, LV size & function, IVS & posterior wall thickness, RV internal dimension, & both atrial sizes.
  137. 137Which view would you be parallel to flow for the FOSubcostal 4 chamber
  138. 138Which anatomy is viewed in the long axis view of the aorta?Proximal aorta, anterior aortic wall continuous with IVS, Posterior aortic wall continuous with anterior MV leaflets
  139. 139which view has a candy cane appearance?Aortic arch view
  140. 140Which view has a ice hockey stick appearance?ductal arch view
  141. 141Which transducer would you use for pediatric echo?5 MHz or higher
  142. 142In pediatric echo, there are extra views for what?pulmonary veins
  143. 143what is utilized to identify normal velocity ranges?BMI
  144. 144results from a failure of the IAS to close during fetal developmentASD
  145. 145Most defects happen in the first __ weeks of development before cardiac development is complete7
  146. 14620% of ASDs are which type?Ostium Primum
  147. 147Ostium primum ASDs result from failure of the ___ to fuse with ___ during septationSeptum primum; endocardial cushion
  148. 148what is an associated anomaly with Ostium primum ASD?deformed MV
  149. 149Which portion of the IAS would you find an ostium primum ASD?Inferior portion
  150. 150which is the most common type of ASD?ostium secondum
    70%
  151. 151where is an ostium secundum located?mid portion of IAS
  152. 152an ostium secundum ASD results from what?FO not closing completely
  153. 153which ASD makes up 10% of ASDsSinus venosus
  154. 154where is a sinus venosus ASD located?superior portion of IAS near junction of SVC and RA
  155. 155What is the associated anomaly with sinus venosus ASD?Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return
  156. 156what is partial anomalous pulmonary venous return?all pulmonary veins do not enter the LA
  157. 157which 2 ASDs are rare?Coronary sinus, common atrium
  158. 158This ASD is located in the inferior septal area close to coronary sinuscoronary sinus ASD
  159. 159this ASD is the absence or near absence of the IAS resulting in a common atriumCommon atrium ASD
  160. 160three things that the hemodynamic effect of an ASD depends onsize & direction of shunt, compliance of ventricles, response of pulmonary vascular bed to increase blood flow
  161. 161which view is ideal to visualize ASD and to interrogate with doppler due to parallel angle?Subcostal
  162. 162this view is excellent visualization and color flow of an ASDPSAX
  163. 163with ASD proper view, evaluate:Location, size, direction, velocity of ASD with color and doppler
  164. 164to calculate ASD, which ratio do we use?Qp/Qs
  165. 165what ratio is considered a large shunt?2:1
  166. 166Qp/Qs for ASD/VSD is: SV of ___ /SV of ___RVOT/LVOT
  167. 167In the ASD/VSD Qp/Qs equation, RVOT= SV RVOT= LVOT= SV LVOT=pulmonary annulus
    RVOt peak velocity
    aortic annulus
    LVOT peak velocity
  168. 168A remnant flap between the septum primum and septum secundum which allows blood to flow from right atrium to left atriumPFO
  169. 169__-__% of population have PFO25-34%
  170. 170what is a possible complication of a PFO?thromosis crossing shunt causes embolic events
  171. 171VSDs vary in size from __ mm to __cm in diameter7mm-3cm
  172. 172you can divide VSD's in 2 categories:Supracristal and infracristal
  173. 173defect lies immediately below the PV outflowsupracristal
  174. 174defect is located inferior and posterior to the crista supraventricularisinfracristal
  175. 175what are the 4 categories of vsd?inlet septum, trabecular, outlet septum, & membranous or perimembranous
  176. 1763-5% of vsd's are ____inlet septum
  177. 177is inlet vsd supracristal or infracristal?infracristal
  178. 178inlet septum is located between which valves?MV and TV
  179. 179what is an associated anomaly with inlet septum vsd's?atrioventricular septal defects
  180. 180atrioventricular setal defects are AKAendocardial cushion defects
  181. 1815-20% of vsd's are ____trabecular
  182. 182are trabecular vsd's infra or supracristal?infracristal
  183. 183where are the trabecular vsd's located?between bodies of LV and RV. Apex area
  184. 1843-5% of vsd's are ____outlet septum
  185. 185are outlet septum VSD's infra or supracristal?supracristal
  186. 186there is an increased incident of which type of VSD in the asian population?outlet septum
  187. 187where are outlet septum vsd's located?between LVOT and RVOT
  188. 188there is a strong association with __ due to location of outlet septum vsdAI
  189. 18980% of vsd's are ____membranous or perimembranous
  190. 190where are membranous or perimembranous vsd's located?region of septum close to the base of the heart
  191. 191type of VSD occurs when two portions of the IVS fail to align properly during developmentmalalignment septum
  192. 192____ & ____ are examples of malalignment septumstetralogy of fallot and truncus arteriosus
  193. 193large vsd's place a burden on heart due to what?volume overload
  194. 194which view is the best for doppler interrogation of a VSD due to the angle?subcostal
  195. 195what are 2 associated findings with vsd's?AI and PHTN
  196. 196a complete endocardial cushion defect consists of which 3 things?ostium primum ASD
    perimembranous VSD
    straddling AV valves
  197. 197which two leaflets would create a straddling AV valve?anterior MVL and septal TVL
  198. 198endocardial cushion defects are AKAAV canal defect
  199. 199complete endocardial cushion defects are associated with what?down's syndrome
  200. 200only the following need to be present to be considered a partial endocardial cushion defectostium primum ASD with cleft MV
    OR
    endocardial inlet VSD only
  201. 201in a fetus this connects the pulmonary artery to the aortaductus arteriosus
  202. 202when does the ductus arteriosus functually close?15 hours after birth
  203. 203when does the ductus arteriosus structurally close?2-3 weeks after birth
  204. 204what does the DA become after birth?ligamentum arteriosum
  205. 205what are 2 associated findings with PDA?PHTN and LVVO pattern
  206. 206For PDA, Qp/Qs ratio is: SV of ___ /SV of ___LVOT/RVOT
  207. 207a persistent truncus arteriosus results from what?failure of the truncoconal ridges to fuse
  208. 208a single great vessel arising from the heart that overrides the interventricular septumPTA
  209. 209this type of PTA is described as widely separated pulmonary arteries arising laterally from the truncustype 3
  210. 210this type of PTA is described as a short main pulmonary artery arising from and positioned to the left of the aortatype 1
  211. 211this type of PTA is described as separate but closely positioned arteries arising from the posterior portion of the truncustype 2
  212. 212this type of PTA is described as pulmonary arteries arising from the descending aortatype 4
  213. 213PTA is a rare anomaly accounting for only ___-___% of all congenital defects.4-2.8%
  214. 214in an echo exam for PTA which view could appear normal?AP4
  215. 215what is the treatment for PTA?multiple surgeries are required starting as young as 2 months old
  216. 216what is the prognosis for PTA?survival beyond infancy is uncommon, but improvements have been made with modern research and technology
  217. 217what is the most common anomaly of the heart?bicuspid AoV
  218. 218bicuspid aortic valve is associated with what?coarctations
  219. 219a membrane or dome with an orificeunicuspid aortic valve
  220. 220associated with HPLHS. orifice is small. causes blue baby at birthaortic hypoplasia (strand)
  221. 221membrane instead of cusps. has small holes to let some blood throughaortic atresia
  222. 222results when the left heart is reduced in size due to a restriction of the LV inflow/outflowHLHS
  223. 223diagnosis of HLHS is made if: LV is <__mm ___ size is reduced ___ is distorted or absentLV<10 mm
    Aortic annular size is reduced
    MV is distorted or absent
  224. 224what is the key of treatment for HLHS?early detection!
  225. 225OB ultrasound can detect HLHS around __-__ weeks16-20 weeks
  226. 226what is administered at birth to maintain a PDA and PFOprostaglandin
  227. 22798% of coarctations are located where?between the left subclavian and ductus arteriosus
  228. 228what are 3 associated anomalies with coarctation?bicuspid AoV
    transposition of the great arteries
    double outlet right ventricle
  229. 229what view is best for evaluation of coarctations?suprasternal
  230. 230A __% diameter reduction of the descending aorta is considered severe40
  231. 231subvalvular AS always have ___ with normal __ functionLVH with normal LV function
  232. 232subvalvular aortic stenosis is due to what?fixed lesion
  233. 233dynamic forms of subvalvular AS inclue inherited disorders of what?ASH, IHSS/HOCM
  234. 234most congenital MS occurs in childhood due to what?rheumatic fever
  235. 235small but normally developed MV, associated with HLHSmitral valve hypoplasia
  236. 236leaflets fail to develop normally; dense membrane covers mitral annulus; associated with HLHS and single ventricleMitral Atresia
  237. 237Mitral atresia is associated with what 2 things?HLHS and single ventricle
  238. 238chordae attached to a single papillarymuscleparachute mitral valve
  239. 239parachute mitral valve is associated with what 4 things?subvalvular AS, AS, coarctation, and RVOT obstruction
  240. 240subvalvular membrane in LA, generally inserts on aortic wall and courses posteriorly and lateral.Cor triatriatum
  241. 241with cor triatriatum the __ slope may be reducedE-F
  242. 242___ of PMVL possibleflutter
  243. 243short fused chordae that attach to multiple small papillary muscles or normal papillary muscles by a band of fibrous tissuearcade MV (rare)
  244. 244fibrous tissue bridge that divides the MV in two. chordae from each go to their own papillary musclesdouble orifice MV
  245. 245double orifice MV is associated with what?AV canal defects
  246. 246abnormality of AMVLcleft mitral valve
  247. 247cleft mitral valve is associated with which 3 things?trisomy 21, ostium primum ASD, endocardial cushion defects (partial)
  248. 248cleft mitral valve is best seen in which view?PSAX
  249. 2493 types of PSvalvular
    subvalvular
    supravalvular
  250. 250what is the most common type of PSvalvular
  251. 251subvalvular PS is AKAinfundibular
  252. 252absence of PVpulmonary atresia
  253. 253double chamber RV. difficult to diagnose.anomalous muscle bands
  254. 254anomalous muscle bands are associated with what 2 things?perimembranous VSD and subaortic stenosis
  255. 255a rare congenital abnormality of the RV where the RV myocardium is absent or hypoplasticUhl's anomaly
  256. 256Uhl's Anomaly is AKAright ventricle dysplasia or parchment heart
  257. 257absence of functional tV. band of dense fibrous tissuetricuspid atresia
  258. 258tricuspid atresia is associated with what?VSD
  259. 259tricuspid atresia results in what?RV hypoplasia
  260. 260tricuspid stenosis (congenital) is rarely ___an isolated lesion
  261. 261leaflets form but fail to separateimperforated tV
  262. 262downward displacement of the TV into the RVebstein's anomaly
  263. 263which leaflet is most common with ebstein's?Septal
  264. 264Ebstein's anomaly is associated with ASD __%75
  265. 265both great arteries arise from the RV with right morphological featuresDORV
  266. 266what is present with DORV that allows blood from the LV to reach the aorta?VSD
  267. 267which 4 types of VSD's can occur with DORV?Subaortic, subpulmonary, doubly committed, remote
  268. 268this type of DORV VSD is large enough to feed both ventriclesdoubly committed
  269. 269this DORV VSD is distant from ventriclesRemote
  270. 270what are the 4 different vessel orientations with DORVAorta posterior to PA (normal); Aorta to right of PA w/valves side by side; Aorta to right and anterior to PA (transposed); Aorta to left and anterior to PA
  271. 271What 2 things are needed to classify DORV?Location of VSD and great vessel orientation.
  272. 272Children where there is NO PS they will have increased ___ blood flow and suffer from ___.Pulmonary; CHF
  273. 273Children with and RVOT obstruction (PS) will have diminished ___ flow and be ___.pulmonary; cyanotic
  274. 274which view will help with evluation of DORV?PSAX
  275. 275What are the 3 goals in surgery to treat DORV?establish LV to aorta continuity, and RV to pulmonary artery continuity, and repair associated defects
  276. 276most common malformation in children born with cyanotic heart diseasetetralogy of fallot
  277. 277what are the 4 defects of tetralogy of fallot?misaligned VSD, PS, large over-riding aorta, RVH
  278. 278PS with tetralogy of fallot is commonly what?infundibular
  279. 279severity of tetralogy of fallot depends on size of ___, degree of __, and position of ___.VSD, PS, aorta
  280. 280RVH and PS cause VSD to shunt __ to __right to left
  281. 281the VSD with tetralogy of fallot cause what 3 things?decreased oxygen saturation, cyanosis, and reduced pulmonary flow
  282. 282what are the two types of transposition of the great vessels?complete transposition and congenitally corrected.
  283. 28380% of transposition cases are what?complete transposition
  284. 284what happens during development that causes the great arteries to be transposed??Dextro-looping (d-looping)
  285. 285what is the prognosis of complete transposition?good
  286. 28620% of transpositions are what?congenitally corrected
  287. 287three corornary artery anomaliesabnormal origins, abnormal connections, fistulas
  288. 288Abnormal origins is problematic if coronary arteries arise from __ where there is deoxygenated blood!RV
  289. 289abnormal coronary artery origins occur frequently with which conditions?transposition of great vessels and tetralogy of fallot
  290. 290Coronary fistulas occur rarely and involve the RCA __% of the time, LCA __%, and both __%.50%, 42%, 5%
  291. 291Most common connections and/or drainage sites are (in order of frequency)RV, RA, PA, coronary sinus, LV & SVC
  292. 292fistulas are seen and discovered mostly by what?angiography
  293. 293most coronary fistulas are ___ without complicationsbenign
  294. 294bigger coronary fistulas can cause what 4 things?myocardial ischemia, ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden death
  295. 295what are the two common types of venous malformations?anomalous pulmonary veins and persistent left superior vena cava
  296. 296anomalous pulmonary veins can present ___ or ___.partial or complete
  297. 297anomalous pulm. veins happen during fetal development where veins either partially or totally drain into the __ instead of the __.RA; LA
  298. 298Anomalous pulm. veins are better detected ___.after birth
  299. 299veins can attach and drain directly into __RA
  300. 300veins connect to ___, then drain into __SVC, RA
  301. 301veins connect to ___, then drain into __coronary sinus, RA
  302. 302veins connect posterior to ___, then drain into __portal venous system, RA
  303. 303this is when cephalad drainage into the left sinus horn remainspersistent left superior vena cava
  304. 3044 types of murmursinnocent/functional, systolic, diastolic, and continuous
  305. 305this is an Asx. murmur in school age children that is associated with no structural heart disease and is a common findinginnocent/functional
  306. 306__% of children have innocent murmurs sometime during childhood50%
  307. 307timing of murmurs are defined as:systolic, diastolic, and continuous
  308. 3083 causes of a functional systolic murmur"still's" murmur, TR, Subclavian bruit
  309. 309this murmur is due to a false tendonStill's
  310. 310TR __% found in normal pts.80
  311. 3114 causes of pathological systolic murmursVSD, AS, PS, and ASD coarctation
  312. 312There are __ functional diastolic murmursNO
  313. 313what are 3 causes of pathological diastolic murmurs?AI, PI, MS
  314. 314what is a functional cause of continuous murmurs?venous hum
  315. 315what are 3 pathological causes of continuous murmurs?PDA, AV malformations, ruptured sinus of valsalva
  316. 316most significant defects are detected in ___infancy
  317. 317cardiac disease accompanied by respiratory distress in pediatric/infant is due to what?CHF
  318. 3182 types of CHFbackward failure and forward failure
  319. 319this is low cardiac output due to obstruction or myocardial disease. Less common with newbornsbackward failure
  320. 320this is very high cardiac output due to shunts, valvular regurg., or peripheral vasodilatiationforward failure
  321. 321backward failure is AKAhypodynamic failure
  322. 322forward failure is AKAHyperdynamic failure
  323. 323CHF is characterized by ___, ___, and poor ___tachycardia, tachypnea, and poor feeding
  324. 324what is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children and young adults?Rheumatic fever
  325. 325Rheumatic fever affects which 4 things?AV valves, Semilunar valves, Myocardium, Pericardium
  326. 326with rheumatic fever, acutely, you can develop what?CHF
  327. 327with rheumatic fever, chronically, you can develop what?(in order)MS, AS, TS, PS
  328. 328chronic stenoses with Rheumatic fever are typically not seen until when?adulthood
  329. 329cardiomyopathies are not usually seen with any other form of ___heart disease
  330. 3302 causes of cardiomyopathiesacute infectious disease, and abnormal myocardium that may or may not be inherited
  331. 3312 types of cardiomyopathies found in childrenhypertrophic or dilated/congestive
  332. 332most damaging chemotherapy agentsanthracyclines
  333. 3332 types of anthracyclinesadriamycin, cerubidine
  334. 334damage from chemotherapy drugs causes what?ventricular dysfunction
  335. 335___ HTN is rare in childrensystemic
  336. 336systemic HTN is associated with another serious disease, such as what?renal failure
  337. 337cardiovascular congenital cause of systemic HTN is ___coarctation of aorta
  338. 338what is the most prominent effect of Systemic HTN?ventricular hypertrophy
  339. 3392 effects of systemic HTN on the heartventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction
  340. 340increase pulmonary pressures are usually caused by what?underlying lung disease
  341. 341what is a common PHTN finding?cystic fibrosis
  342. 342echo exam for PHTN: look for ___and__, and __to__ shunt if PFO is seenRVH and TR, right to left
  343. 343diagnosis of effusion is made when the heart is surrounded by at least __mm of fluid2mm
  344. 344failure of kidneys to perform their essential functionend stage renal disease
  345. 345with this disease the echo can appear "pretty" due to increased volume of fluidESRD
  346. 346reversal of congenital shunt from left to right to right to lefteisenmenger's syndrome
  347. 347Eisenmenger's syndrome is secondary to what?irreversible elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and severe PHTN
  348. 348with Eisemenger's, must have a congenital ___shunt
  349. 349pts. with eisenmenger's commonly present with what?exertional dyspnea
  350. 3503 complications of eisenmenger'sCHF, early death, and sudden death
  351. 351acute vasculitis hat occurs in children under 5kawasaki's disease
  352. 352kawasaki's children present with ___, ___, and ___.strawberry tongue, swelling of hands and feet, and total body rash
  353. 353vasculitis occurs within the first __ days of the disease affecting the ___.10 days, coronary arteries
  354. 3543 complications of Kawasaki'sacute thrombus, MI, sudden death
  355. 355what is the treatment for kawasaki's?early detection and diminishing inflammatory process before irreparable damage occurs

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Fichas sobre Peds, creado por zoe021601 el 04/04/2014.
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