Fichas
Exercise 2
Fichas del conjunto (54)
- 1What is the aim of the cardio-respiratory system?Get the right amount of blood to the right place at the right time
- 2What are the abbreviations needed to know for cardio-respiratory?V = volume
V(dot over top) = volume per min
v = venous
A = alveolar
a = arterial
Q = flow per min
P = partial pressure
and so...
VT = tidal volume
V(dot on top)E = volume expired per min = respiratory minute volume
V(dot on top)O2 = volume O2 taken up per min
PACO2 = partial pressure in alveoli of CO2
VO2 = CO . (Ca)2 - CvO2) - 3What are the cardio-respiratory equations that need to be known?V = IR
change in P = QR
R is proportional to length / diameter^4
AMP = CO.TPR
CO = SV.HR
CO <= VR - 4What are the 3 phases that increase in exercise to maximise the O2 transport to active muscle?1. Anticipation/ stress - increase heart rate and ventilation
2. Immediate start with work - triggered by sensory nerves (group III?IV afferents) initiate cardio-respiratory changes
3. Autoregualtion and autonomic-induced changes with increase duration and intensity - 5How is there increased blood flow to he active muscle?By increasing cardiac output and redistribution from non-vital to vital tissues
- 6What are non-vital and vital tissues?Non-vital = not requiring the oxygen that is being supplied and only need to be able to tick over
Vital = require the oxygen due to exercise and demand - 7What are the phases of increased ventilation?Starts inside 1 respiratory cycle
Increases (pulmonary ventilation) by up to 3-5 fold
Increases over minutes
Minutes to hours decreases - 8What is the constraints as to when an animal can breathe during exercise?They have to time the breaths to the gait. Breathing is controlled by running not by the autonomic control
- tidal volume can be monitored but - 9What is the general trend for the distribution of cardiac output?In maximal work a higher proportion of blood goes to the skeletal muscle and away from the other organs. There is less distribution and more focused on supplying the skeletal muscle
- 10How is the respiratory minute volume increased in the respiratory system?By chemoreceptor reflexes
- 11What other factors help to increase the respiratory minute volume?Increase rate and or increased depth (tidal volume) as well as bronchodilation allowing air in and out easier
- 12How does the pattern of breathing change during exercise?Goes from being 1/3rd inhalation and 2/3rds exhalation to:
2/3rds vigorous inhalation, pause
1/3rd forced exhale - 13What does the 2/3rds of the respiratory cycle being inhalation allow?Holding O2 in for longer and so allowing more diffusion at the alveoli
- 14What acts as an effective metabolite stimuli at the end of exercise?H+ due to showing that the lactic acid is increasing and this is detected by the chemoreceptors
- 15What happens to the perfusion-ventilation ratio during exercise?Both perfusion and ventilation of the lung increases
- 16What is the affect of ventilation increasing?Increased partial pressure in alveoli
Maintian concentration gradient
Maintain diffusion - 17What is the affect of increased perfusion?Perfuse all the lung due to increase pulmonary blood pressure
- 18What is the affect of increased cardiac output?Velocity of blood coming out of the heart increases
- leading to reduced transit time - 19With normal lung function what is the oxygenation of RBC in lung capillaries with the affect of exercise?Decreased PAO2 and therefore haemoglobin saturation decreases
- 20In health and moderate exercise what happens to the PaCO2 and the PaO2?Stay relatively constant
- 21Are all species the same with the degree of O2 they can take in?No - species variations
- 22What is the issue with breathing more vigorously?End up using respiratory muscles which means more O2 is being used to breathe. Therefore the efficiency of ventilation is decreased- due to a larger proportion of O2 going to respiratory muscles in exercise than at rest
- 23In a healthy individual does the amount of O2 used for breathing ever exceed the O2 taken in during exercise?No
- 24What animals will be affected by the O2 intake during exercise?Brachyocephalic breeds or animals with respiratory disease because they are unable to utilise the O2 taken in and the O2 needed to breathe is greater than what is taken in
- 25What happens when the mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen starts lower during exercise?Makes getting the saturation of alveolar partial pressure harder but is achievable in healthy animals. However there will be less saturation and less oxygenation of haemoglobin in animals with lung problems.
- 26Do animals experience anything similar to a stitch?No
- 27How can we control the blood pressure?Increasing cardiac output versus decrease in total peripheral resistance
- 28What can cardiac output never exceed?Venous return
- 29How is venous return increased?1. Venoconstriction
2. Muscle pump
3. Intrathoracic pressure changing - 30What is the role of the arterioles to increase CO and venous return?Increase the supply to the skeletal muscle but also role in controlling TPR
- 31In what animal is the splenic contraction better and what is it involved in?Dog and horse
Part of anticipatory part of exercise
- O2 carrying capacity - 32What does venoconstriction do?Shunts blood to arterial side where it is more useful to help increase venous return
- 33How does the respiratory pump help to increase venous return?Inside of chest is made negative, sucking blood back into the chest and to the heart due to the more vigorous breathing
- 34What causes the skeletal muscle to vasodilate?Autoregulatory control due to metabolites
- 35When is it important that the body controls and limits the amount of vasodilation and causes vasoconstriction?When all the muscles are being used eg in butterfly swimming
- 36What is the role of sweating?Thermoregulatory and causes dehydration (due to loss of plasma) and so decreasing the circulating blood due to increase viscosity
- 37What is the affect of haematocrit on viscosity?Non-linear effect
- 38What is the effect of viscosity on the blood?Decreased flow and increased work to pump
- 39What happens when there is an increase in the flow of blood?Creates turbulent flow and so cardiac output increase due to improved circulation of blood
- 40What happens during exercise to the haemoglobin dissociation curve?Extra capacity to unload
- 41What are the features of myoglobin?Higher affinity for oxygen at a low PO2, so dissociation curve will always be to the left of haemoglobin
- Will take O2 off haemoglobin but important to do so due to myoglobin being in muscle cells and where O2 is needed most - 42What happens to the haemoglobin dissociation curve in active muscles?There is increased CO2, H+ and temp and therefore the curve moves to the right - so has less affinity, and less saturated with O2, due to giving off O2 to allow more ATP to be generated
- 43What happens to the haemoglobin dissociation curve in the lungs?There is decreased CO2, H+ and temp and so the curve moves to the left. There is higher affinity so helps O2 to be taken up in the alveoli
- 44Why is autoregulation for muscle important?1. Affects arterioles and increases flow and pressure of blood down stream.
2. Causing the capillaries to open downstream
3. Leading to increased flow without reducing the transient time due to more capillaries open and also increase the density and surface area for diffusion - 45What is the overall affect of exercise on blood flow?Constriction - and so there is great vasodilation to slightly over come this affect and allow maintained flow
- 46What can be the end result of constriction of blood flow and what happens?Hypoxia
- Protective function that tells us to stop and allow the blood flow back - 47What is preload?Venous return - markedly increased in exercise
- 48What is afterload?Arterial pressure
- 49What are the effects of afterload?V=IR
BP = CO.TPR
So if TPR increase, maintaining CO requires increase BP
Increase BP requires increase force of ventricular contraction
This is achieved by:
- increase TPR tends to decrease SV
- so end systolic volume increases
- so end diastolic volume increase (if VR maintained)
- Frank-Starling mechanism will result in increase force
- so SV increase until CO matches VR again - 50What are the ANS effects?Inotropic, chronotropic, dromotropic effects
- Increase heart rate - 51When is stroke volume likely to increase during exercise? and what are the species differences?In early exercise
In animals on two legs (upright), not seen in those on all 4 - 52In extreme athletes how much can the cardiac output increase by?x5
- 53Why is there an increased risk of epistaxis in the horse?Extreme athlete and so there is an increase in the blood pressure on the pulmonary side by up to 3 fold. This is enough to rupture blood vessels in the lungs (due to being delicate and an exchange surface) which will be shown as a nose bleed
- 54What varies between species and also through what exercise is being done and in individuals?How much the blood pressure rises
(caused by increase in CO and slight decrease in MAP)
Información
- Descripción
- (Exercise MH) 2. Exercise, temperature regulation, homeostasis of pH AHS2 Fichas sobre Exercise 2, creado por Rachael Jones el 24/02/2017.
- Creado por
- Rachael Jones
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración