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Lecture 14
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- 1What does Innate immunity refer to?refers to defences that are present at birth
- 2Innate Immunity: Non-specific: ? No memory component: ? Always present: ?Non-specific - act against all (most) microbes in the same way
No memory component - cannot recall previous contact with an invader
Always present - it is active before an infection occurs
(responds rapidly) - 3What are first line defenses?physical and chemical barriers that prevent microbes from entering the body
- 4What are second line defenses?Components that act to eliminate microbes that have invaded body tissues
- cellular defences
- molecular defences
- fever and inflammation - 5What does outer surface of skin consist of?dead cells and keratin (a protective protein)
- 6What does the texture of the skin do? - where are skin infections more common?Dry - inhibits growth of microbes
- Skin infections are more common on moist areas of skin, or in moist environments - 7What is the outer layer of skin rarely penetrated by? Where do most infections occur?microbes
- most infections occur under the skin - after skin has been broken - 8What can some microbes to with cells? what does this result in?Some microbes are able to eat dead skin cells and oils secreted by the skin
results in body odor - 9Mucous Membranes: 1. what are these involved in? 2. What do they do in the body? 3. What do they secrete? what does this do?1. involved in fluid or gas exchange
2. They line our "tracts" ex. digestive tract
3. Secrete mucous - a glycoprotein - keeps membrane from drying (Cracking) - 10Mucous membrane: 1. What do these membranes trap? 2. What do cilia do?1. traps microbes
2. cilia sweep mucous away - 11What moves microbes away from the body? (4)saliva, tears, urine, vaginal secretions
- 12What are 5 antimicrobial substances?1. Acidity of body fluids and skin
2. Lysozyme
3. Lactoferrin
4. Defensins
5. The normal Microbiota - 13Acidity of body fluids and skin: 1. whats the pH of stomach acid? 2. what does this pH destroy? 3. What pH do fatty acids and lactic acids have? what does this pH prevent?1. pH 2
2. destroys many bacteria and toxins
3. pH 3-5
Prevents growth of many microbes - 14Lysozyme: 1. What does this enzyme do? 2. Where is it found?1. Enzyme that degrades peptidoglycan
2. Found in sweat, tears, saliva, nasal secretions - 15Lactoferrin: 1. What is this? 2. What does it do to iron?1. Iron binding proteins in milk, mucous
2. Makes iron unavailable to slow growth of microbes - 16Defensins: 1. what are these? 2. what do they do? 3. what produces them?1. short polypeptides
2. Poke holes in microbial membranes
3. Produced by epithelial cells - 17The normal microbiota: 1. When are they acquired? 2. What do they prevent? ** COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION AND MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM?***1. acquired shortly after birth
2. prevent growth of pathogens - 18What is the second line of defense? What is a part of this? Describe eachThe cells of the immune system:
1. Leukocytes: white blood cells
- always found in normal blood, but increase in response to infection
2. Phagocytes: white blood cells that use phagocytosis to "eat" microbes - 19What are the 3 BROAD groups of Leukocytes?Granulocytes, Mononuclear phagocytes, Lymphocytes
- 20What do Granulocytes have?have large granules in their cytoplasm - visible with light microscope
- 21What are the 3 sub-groups of Granulocytes?Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
- 22Basophils: 1. weak or strong? 2. What do they secrete? 3. What do they release? what does this cause?1. weak phagocytes
2. Secrete chemoattractants
3. releases histamines - causes inflammation, allergies - 23Eosinophils: 1. What do they destroy? 2 Example 3. What do they produce?1. destroys large pathogens
2. Parasitic worms
3. Produce extracellular digestive enzymes to attack the parasite - 24Neutrophils: 1. strong or weak? 2. What are they? 3. What can they do?1. strong phagocytes
2. Polymorphonuclear
3. Can leave the blood and migrate into tissues to destroy invading microbes - 25What are the 2 types of Mononuclear phagocytes?Monocytes & Dendritic cells
- 26Monocytes: 1. what were these initially? 2. What do they do? 3. Where are they often found?1. initially non-phagocytic
2. leave blood, enter tissues and change into macrophages - strong phagocytes
3. Often found in organs - filter out invading pathogens as blood passes through - 27What do Dendritic cells do? What is the word for thisPhagocytize foreign material and bring it to the adaptive immune system for 'inspection'
- Antigen presentation - 28What are the three types of Lymphocytes?Natural Killer Cells (NK cells), T & B Lymphocytes
- 29What are NK cells responsible for? What do they attack?Responsible for killing infected body cells and tumor cells
Attacking any body cell that displays unusual proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane - 30What are the parts in the Molecular defenses?The Complement system
- 31The Complement System: 1. How many proteins circulate in blood? 2. How do they work together? describe this 3. How can complement be triggered?1. 30 proteins
2. work together in a cascade
- Action of one protein triggers action of the next
3. Small molecules binding to the surface of invading microbes - 32What are the three results of activating the complement cascade?Opsonization, Enhance inflammation, Lysis of foreign cells
- 33What is Opsonization? What does it increase?Attach to microbes and act as a flag to attract phagocytes
- increase phagocytosis by 1000x - 34What does Enhance Inflammation do? What does it attract?Increases blood vessel permeability
- Attract phagocytes to infection site - 35Lysis of foreign cells: 1. formation of? 2. What does this do membranes? 3. What does it do to gram negative/positive bacteria?1. Formation of membrane attack complexes (MACs)
2. Pokes holes in membranes
3. Kills gram negative bacteria, NOT gram positive - 36What is the inflammatory response? (in response to tissue damage) - What happens with the blood? - What does it allow? - What does this bring?in response to tissue damage: blood vessels dilate, fluids leak and leukocytes migrate into tissues
- More blood reaches area
- Allows phagocytes to enter tissues - increased phagocytosis
- brings platelets to form blood clots, and nutrients for faster repair - 37Signs and Symptoms of inflammation?- Pain, swelling
- heat, redness
- Edema
- Loss of function - 38How can fever be triggered?can be triggered by toxins, LPS or chemicals produced by the immune system
- 39What does fever result in?- Rapid muscle contraction (shivering)
- increased temperature - 40What are the benefits of having a fever?- Faster phagocytosis
- Slows growth of heat limited microbes
ex. e. coli
- Faster metabolism - healing
- Up to a certain temperature, fever is a defense against disease - 41What are the drawbacks of having a fever?- uncomfortable
- Fever above 43C can cause death - 42Anti-viral Interferons (IFNs): 1. When are these produced? 2. How is it released? 3. what do they induce 4. What do neighbouring cells undergo if infected?1. Produced when cells detect viral RNA
2. Released by infected cells to warn neighbouring cells
3. induces neighbouring cells to enter into an antiviral state
4. Undergo apotosis if infected
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- MBIO 1220 Fichas sobre Lecture 14, creado por Danica Cuddeford el 22/03/2017.
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- Danica Cuddeford
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