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Medicine Principles - Histology
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- 1What are the four main tissue types?Connective Tissue
Epithelium
Muscle
Nervous Tissue - 2Where do you find Epithelium?Epithelia cover surfaces of the body and line hollow organs. They also form glands.
- 3How is epithelium found?Epithelium is found as sheets of cells and vary widely in size and shape.
- 4Why do epithelium form sheets of cells?Adhesion between the molecules is strong, thus forming sheets with minimal intercellular space.
- 5What are characteristics of all epithelium?All have a basal lamina (basement membrane).
All are non-vascular
They are mostly polarised. - 6What is an organ made of Epithelium?The Liver
- 7What are some functions of epithelium?Mechanical Barrier
Chemical Barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion - 8What are the three epithelial cell shapes?Squamous - Flattened
Cuboidal - Cube Shaped
Columnar - Column Shaped - 9What are the terms for: One Layer Two or more Layers Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina?One Layer - 'Simple'
Two or More Layers - 'Stratified'
Appears to have multiple layers but all are in contact with basal lamina - 'Pseudostratified' - 10What is produced by glandular epithelia?It produces secretory products e.g:
Sweat
Milk
Oil
Hormones
Mucous - 11What are Endocrine glands and what is an example?They secrete the product towards the basal end and then distribute it through the vascular system.
E.g. Anterior Pituitary - 12What are exocrine glands and what is an example?They secrete the product towards the apical end and then into the lumen or into a duct or the body surface.
E.g. Large Intestine or Sebaceous glands - 13Which of Endocrine and Exocrine are 'ductless' and which is 'ducted'?Endocrine - Ductless
Exocrine - Ducted - 14What are the two* types of connective tissue and an example of each?Soft connective tissue - Tendons, Ligaments, stroma etc.
Hard connective tissue - Bone and Cartilage
*Blood and Lymph - 15What types of cells are found in connective tissue?Fibroblasts
Adipose cells - fat cells
Osteocytes - cells of bone
Chondrocytes - cells of cartilage - 16What are the two types of soft connective tissue?Loose connective tissue - loosely packed fibres
Dense connective tissue - Densely packed bundles of collagen fibres can be regular or irregular. - 17Name the properties of cartilage and the most common types.It is strong, flexible and semi-rigid - due to the semi-rigid nature of the highly hydrated ground substances (GAGs and proteoglycans)
It is Avascular
There are 3 types: Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage. - 18Where is hyaline cartilage found?Articular surfaces
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates - 19Describe the anatomy of bone.The outer shell of dense cortical bone makes up the diaphysis.
Cancellous/Trabecular bone makes up the epiphyses.
Bone is a living tissue, penetrated by small canals for blood vessels and nerves containing Osteocytes. - 20What are the three main types of Muscle tissue?Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac - 21How do muscle cells produce force?They produce force by contracting.
The cytoplasm is packed with contractile fibres and these are highly specialised.
Force is produced by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres. - 22What are two other names for smooth muscle and why is it called this?Involuntary
Visceral
It is called smooth muscle as it has no visible striations, involuntary because it can't be controlled and Visceral because it is mostly found in organs. - 23What are the characteristics of a smooth muscle cell?Elongated, spindle shape fibres of around(20-200µm)
Cigar-shaped nucleus - 24What are two other names for skeletal muscle and why is it called this?Voluntary
Striated
Is mostly* the muscles of the body that are under conscious control. - 25What are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle cell?Giant, multinucleated, cylindrical cells
The fibres are around (1- 40mm)
Elongated nuclei at the periphery of the cell, internal to the membrane - in the sarcolemma. - 26What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle cells?They have not very prominent striations
Complex branches of fibres - networks
The fibres are around (50-100µm)
Single nucleus in centre of fibre
Intercalated discs - 27What does nervous tissue consist of?Nervous tissue consists of neurons and their supporting cells (glia).
- 28What is the ratio of glia to neurons in the CNS?Glia 10:1 Nueron
- 29What other tissue surrounds nervous tissue?Connective tissue coat:
Meninges for CNS
Epineurium for PNS - 30What are the three types of Neurons?Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar - 31What are the four principal Glia of the CNS?Astrocytes: support/transport
Oligodenrocytes: myelin production
Microglia: immune surveillance
Schwann cells: supports axons - 32What is the proportion of white blood cells?Neutrophils 40-75%
Eosinophils 5%
Basophils 0.5%
Lymphocytes 0-50%
Monocytes 1-5% - 33What are the characteristic of a neutrophil?Granulocyte
Phagocyte
Cytoplasmic granules (don't stain well)
Prominent, multi-lobed nucleus
Abundant but short lived
Circulate in blood but enter tissue when stimulated - 34What are the characteristic of an Eosinophil?Prominent granules
Released from marrow and circulate for 8-12 hours then move into tissues
Slightly bigger than neutrophils
Bi-lobed nucleus
Granules contain variety of hydrolytic enzymes - 35What are the characteristic of a Basophil?Very prominent granules
Bi-lobed nucleus but obscured by granules
Granules contain histamine and heparin
When IgE receptors in cell membrane attach to allergen, Degranulation occurs. - 36What are the characteristic of a Monocyte?Small granules
Largest circulating blood cell
Non-lobulated nucleus - Kidney shaped
Are 'wanderers'
Kupffer cells live in the liver,
Microglia live in the brain etc - 37What are the characteristic of a Lymphocyte?Round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm
No visible granules
B cells and T cells
Arise in the bone marrow but T cells differentiate in the Thymus
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- Fichas sobre Medicine Principles - Histology, creado por Kyla Michie el 28/10/2017.
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