Fichas
Abdominal Wall
Fichas del conjunto (209)
- 1What is abdominal cavity continuous with?Pelvic Cavity
- 2What is pelvic cavity limited by?Pelvic Diaphragm
- 3Transpyloric planePasses midway between suprasternal notch + pubic Symphis
- 4Pubic SymphisLower end of sternum body and umbilicus
- 5Umbilicus lies on lèvel?between L3 + L4
- 6Transtubercular plane what is? Passes through what? Lies at what level?Lower horizontal plane
pass through iliac crests' tubercles
lies @ level L5 - 7Mid- inguinal pointHalf Way between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis
- 8What corresponds to mid-clavicular lines?Line drawn vertically up from mid-inguinal points
- 9What divides the anterior abdominal wall? How many divisions?Mid-Clavicular Lines
Transpyloric plane
Transtubercular plane
9 - 103 regions / divisions from top down in midline?Epigastrium
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric - 113 regions from top down laterally?R+L Hypochondrium
R+L Lumbar regions
R+L Inguinal / iliac region - 12What is ab cavity posteriorly bounded by?Lumbar Vertebral Column
+ its associated pre + post vertebral muscles - 13What bounds it laterally + anteriorly? What do they form?3 layers of muscles
they form the ab wall here - 14Spermatic Cordit is in M's inguinal region
It transmits ductus deferens + testis' lymphatics through anterior ab wall into scrotum - 15Embryological Remnantin F
follows path of spermatic cord in M - 16Inguinal Canal What pass through it ? To reach?Spermatic Cord and Embryological remnant pass through it
to reach:
i) Scrotum in M
ii) Labia Majora in F - 17What do muscles of anterior and lateral ab wall fill?space between costal margin + bony pelvis' iliac crest
- 18Describe path of most superior part of bony pelvisAround iliac crests
from posterior to anterior superior iliac spines - 19Pubic Symphysissecondary cartilaginous joint
joins 2 pubic bones
In midline anteriorly - 20Pubic CrestCrest of bone on superior pubic ramus
lateral to pubic symphysis - 21Pubic TubercleRaised tubercle that the pubic crest ends in
1 or 2 inch from pubic symphysis - 22Rectus AbdominisMuscle on each side of midline
from pubic symphysis and pubic crest below
to costal cartilages' margins
(above typhoid process) - 23What do Transverse tendinous intersections do?Divide muscle into 4 shorter muscle segments
- 24Where do the 3 transverse tendinous intersections lie?One at level of umbilicus
one at xiphoid cartilage level
one midway between above 2 - 25What does rectus abdomens do to trunk?Flexes Trunk
- 26Erector SpinaePrincipal agonists of rectus abdomens
powerful extensor muscles of trunk
Between spinous + transverse processes of vertebrae - 27What is the most superficial muscle in ab wall?External Oblique Muscle
- 28External Oblique Muscle origin?from lateral aspects of lower ribs
- 29What does external oblique muscles have posteriorly?A free margin lateral to erector spinae muscle
- 30Fibres of the external oblique muscle?Run down + forwards
Become aponeurotic before reaching rectus abdomens muscle anteriorly - 31What does the aponeurotic part do at the rectus abdominis?hELPS FORM SHEATH FOR REST OF RECTUS ABDOMINIS
- 32What can you say about the aponeurosis of the external oblique? Where does no muscles fibbers extend medially beyond?qUITE eXTENSIVE iNFERIORLY
NO MUSCLE FIBRES EXTEND MEDIALLY BEYOND A LINE JOINING UMBILICUS AND THE ANTERIOR SUPERIOR ILIAC SPINE - 33What is the external oblique aponeurosis attached to: laterally and medially?Inferiorly it is attached to anterior superior iliac spinal laterally
+ to pubic tubercle medially - 34Inguinal Ligaments= Aponeurosis' free lower border curls up + in on itself between these boney points
- 35Where is there a space for femoral nerve + femoral vessels + liopsoas muscles to enter thigh?Gap beneath inguinal ligaments' free lower border
and rim of bony pelvis below - 36Internal Oblique lies...Internal Oblique lies deep to external
- 37Where does internal oblique rise from laterally and posteriorly?iNTERNAL oBLIQUE RISES FROM COSTAL MARGINA LATERALLY
mORE POSTERIORLY: FROM THORACOLUMBAR FASCIA - 38What is the thoracolumbar fascia?Fascia encapsulating erector spinae muscles
between lumbar vertebrae's spinous and transverse processes - 39What can you say about internal oblique's muscle fibres?Internal Oblique muscles fibres run up + forward
Become aponeurotic as reach rectus abdomens muscle anteriorly
(here they form rectus sheath part) - 40Where do the muscle fibbers inferiorly arise from?Inferiorly Muscle fibres origin = iliac crest
+ outer 2/3s of inguinal ligament edge - 41Path of internal oblique's lowermost fibres?Internal Oblique's Lowermost fibers arch over spermatic cord (first pass up + then over it)
+ then down into bony crest of pubis - 42As the lowermost fibbers of the internal oblique approach the pubic crest, what happens?become aponeurotic
+ fuse w/ deeper fivers of transverses abdomins' aponeurosis
(which lies immediately behind it) - 43Conjoint Tendon What is it? What is it formed by? What does it attach to?flat aponeurotic sheet
formed by transverses abdominis aponeurosis + internal oblique lowermost fibbers' aponeurosis
Attaches to pubic crest medial to punic tubercle - 44Transversus Abdominis Lies ?Lies deep to internal oblique
- 45Where does transversus abdominis muscle arise from posteriorly above below?Posteriorly Arises from thoracolumbar fascia
arises above from inner margin of lower ribs
arises blow from lateral part of inguinal ligament - 46Transversus Abdominis FibersRun Horizontally
become aponeurotic @ rectus abdominis' lateral margin
here transversus abdominis contributes to rectus sheath - 47Transversalis Fascialine the deep surface of ab wall muscles
is thinner in more distensible regions - 48What lies beneath transversals fascia?Peritoneum
- 49Extraperitoneal Fat liesbetween peritoneum + transversals fascia
- 50What does transversals fascia run across? Until?Posterior Ab wall
until reaches kidney - 51What is the transversalis fascia like when it reaches the kidneys? Renal FasciaQuite thick
Splits into 2 layers called Renal Fascia:
i) Pass in front + behind kidneys +renal vessels
ii) enclose perirenal fat layer between themselves + kidney's capsule - 52Fascia Iliaca and Psoas FasciaWhat transversals fascia becomes lower in abdomen
form tough layers in from of iliacus + psoas muscles on posterior ad wall - 53Rectus Sheath Does what?endless the rectus abdomens muscle
- 54What forms the rectus sheath?Aponeuroses of 3 anterolateral muscles of anterior ab wall
- 55Where does the aponeurosis of transverses abdominis pass?Behind rectus muscle
- 56Where does the aponeurosis of external oblique muscle pass?In front of rectus muscle
- 57What happens to the aponeurosis of internal oblique muscle?Splits
1/2 fibres pass behind
+ 1/2 in front of rectus abdominis muscle - 58Linea AlbaMidline Fibrous Band
Where all aponeurotic fibbers fuse - 59Where else does the aponeurotic fibres fuse?At lateral border of rectus sheath
along linea smilunaris - 60What can be seen on lean imdv.?Lines of fusion: linea alba + linea semilunaris
Tendinous Intersections of rectus abdominis muscle - 61Why can these be seen?Rectus sheath also fuses with tendinous intersections on its anterior surface
- 62What is there at the midpoint between umbilicus and pubic symphysis?Change in relationship between aponeurotic sheets (of anterior ab musculature)
+ rectus abdominis muscle - 63What happens below this point?All aponeuroses pass in front of rectus abdominis muscle
- 64Arcuate LineSeen behind muscles
indicates level at which this occurs - 65What level does the nerve supply to anterior ab wall come from?T7 to L1 inclusive
- 66Where do these nerves run?Between Internal Oblique + Transversus Abdominis muscles
- 67Why can't a few lowermost nerves enter neuromuscular layer immediately?bc they 1st appear on anterior surface of large posterior ab wall muscles
that get in the way - 68Where do intercostal + subcostal nerves pass?Round ab wall
Cross linea semilunars
Enter rectus sheath - 69What happens to the intercostal + subcostal nerves at the rectus sheath?They become cutaneous
- 70What do nerves in anterior ab wall extend along?Ribs + Costal Cartilages
- 71Where do the upper nerves run up to?T7 @ xiphoid cartilage
- 72What do the lower nerves run down to?Umbilicus (T10)
Pubic Symphysis (T12) - 73What's the lowest nerve to supply muscles of anterior ab wall? What does it fail to do?L1
fails to reach midline - 742 IMPORTANT arteries in rectus sheathSuperior + inferior epigastric arteries
- 75What is superior epigastric artery? Where does it enter rectus sheath?A terminal branch of internal thoracic artery
Close to xiphoid cartilage - 76What is inferior epigastric artery?Branch of external iliac artery
- 77Path of inferior epigastric artery?mEDIALLY FROM EAXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
HOOKS UNER DUCTUS DEFERENS
TURNS UP + ENTERS RECTUS SHEATH BENEATH ARCUATE LINE - 78What can you say about the 2 epigastric arteries?They run towards each other
They anastomose freely in rectus sheath - 79What supplies anterior + lateral ab wall?Branches from this anastomosis
Branches from lower intercostal arteries
Lumbar Branches of abdominal aorta - 80Where do superficial veins above umbilicus drain to?Internal thoracic vein
to subclavian vein
to superior vena cava - 81Where do superficial veins below umbilicus drain?To femoral veins to inferior vena cava
- 82What can lead to distension of epigastric veins?Liver disease leading to obstruction of portal vein
- 83Why?They offer alternative route from blood to bypass obstruction
to return to heart via superior vena cava - 84What are distended veins of this sort called?Caput Medusae
- 85From what do the psoas muscles arise?Either side of lumbar vertebral column
from intervertebral discs + adj parts of bony vertebral bodies - 86What allows blood vessels to run behind psoas muscle + for nerves to escape through from spinal canal?Tendinous arches passing form 1 attachment to the next
creating space - 87What does the psoas muscle go onto do when it moves posteriorly and laterally?Leave pelvis
enter thick under the linguinal ligament - 88Iliacus muscle Where does it arise from?Inner aspect of iliac blade
- 89What direction do the iliac muscle's fivers pass?Down and medially
to meet those of psoas
there is a groove at their junction - 90What is the name for the resulting combined muscle?Iliopsoas muscle
- 91What does the iliopsoas muscle enter and where? What does the iliopsoas muscle converge with?Iliopsoas muscle enter thigh
underthe lateral portion of inguinal ligament
iliopsoas muscles converges w/ tendon that inserts into lesser trochanter of femur - 92What are powerful flexors of the thigh? Where do they get their innervation from?Iliacus + psoas
from L2-L3 - 93Quadratus LumborumPart of posterior ab wall
just lateral to psoas muscle - 94Where do the quadrates lumborum fibres arise form?Lower aspect of 12th rib
and the tips of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae - 95Where do the fibbers of quadrates lumborum go?Down + laterally
to insert into posterior aspect of iliac crest - 96What sort of muscle is the quadratus lumborum?lateral flexor
of the vertebral column
in the lumbar region - 97What runs over the surface of the quadrates lumborum ?Thin later of thoracolumbar fascia
that surrounds erector spinae muscle
continues anteriorly
to run over quadratus lumborum - 98Where does quadrates lumborum get its nerve supply from ?L2-L3
- 99What does this allow the psoas muscle and the quadrates lumborum to do?Move independently to the diaphragm
which's medial and lateral arcuate ligaments
pass over their anterior surface as far as L1-L2 - 100Crus What do they rise into? Where do their use form?Rise into diaphragm
form vertebral bodies near midline
L1-L2 on L
L1-L3 on R - 101What does the R crus do?Rises form diaphragm
Curls round oesophagus opening at T10
here, contributes to sphincter action of oesophagus - 102What do L crus do? What does its fibres do?Pass up
Fibres mingle w/ o/ muscular slips of diaphragm
that arise from arcuate lines + lower ribs - 103Median Arcuate Ligament What level? Where?Fibrous band binding crura together
at T12
across midline in front of aorta opening + behind diaphragm - 104What nerves innervate all the skin and muscles of anterior ab wall?T7-11 Intercostal nerves
T12 subcostal nerve
L1 anterior primary ramus - 105What take part in lumbar plexusVentral Rami L1-L4
- 106What is the lumbar plexus?Mixing of nerves in psoas muscle
- 107What is the most superior nerve across posterior ab wall?Subcostal nerve
- 108Where does the subcostla nerve arise?Behind diaphragm
below 12th rib - 109How does the subcostal nerve then pass?Beneath lateral arcuate ligament
onto anterior surface of quadrates lumborum
behind the kidney - 110Then it passes? What is it able to do?Laterally off quadrates lumborum
Pierce transversus abdominis
+ run into neuromuscular plane into rectus sheath - 111Where does the subcostal nerve become subcutaneous?above pubic symphysis
- 112What does first lumbar ventral rams give off when in the psoas muscle?Collateral branches
- 113What does the iliohypogastric nerve pass out of? onto what? this nerve is the trunk and the ilioinguinal nerve is the collateral branch on pref cardout of psoas muscle
onto anterior surface of quadrates lumborum - 114When on the quadrates lumborum, then where does it pass? What can it do now?down and laterally off it
above the iliac crest
can now pierce transverses abdominis
and continue into neuromuscular plane - 115What does the iliohypogastric nerve end up doing?Not supplying recrus abdominis muscle
- 116What does the iliohypogastric nerve also pierce in the anterior ab wall?Internal oblique muscle
external oblique aponeurosis
(to supply skin, superior to pubic symphysis) - 117Path of illioinguinal nerveOut of psoas muscle onto anterior quadrates lumborum
below the iliohypogastric nerve - 118What do both iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve do?Run behind kidney
- 119What happens to the ilioinguinal nerve as it runs further laterally?Passes onto iliac us muscle
so it cannot get into neurovascualr plane - 120When can the ilioinguinal nerve reach the neuromuscular plane?when it reaches the transverses abdominis muscles
at the anterior superior iliac spine - 121What does the ilioinguinal nerve is in the neuromuscular plane what does it supply?Transversus abdominis' lower fibres
and internal oblique muscle fibre - 122What does ilioinguinal nerve do like its main trunk?Pierces the internal oblique muscle
so it lies between the in- and external oblique muscle - 123Superficial ring What does the nerve do after it leaves the ring?What the ilioinguinal nerve leaves the inguinal canal through
causing it to pierce the external spermatic fascia and become cutaneous here - 124What is the ilioinguinal nerve sensory to?the root of the penis
and scrotum's anterior aspect
and adj part of the thigh - 125What is genitofemoral nerve made up of?Nerve fibres from L1 +L2
- 126What does the genitofemoral nerve run out of? then where does it go?The psoas muscle's anterior surface
onto lateral aspect of external iliac artery towards inguinal ligament - 127What happens at the inguinal ligament?Nerve divides
into femoral + genital branch - 128Where does the genital branch go?Into deep inguinal ring
to supply cremaster muscle - 129Where does the femoral branch go? What does it pierce? What does this achieve?Under inguinal ligament on front of femoral artery
pierces thigh fascia to supply skin on front of thigh below inguinal ligament - 130What is the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh made of?Nerve fivers from L2 + L3
- 131Where does lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of thigh pass out of? and then goes on to?psoas
+ onto ilicus muscle - 132What does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh do at the anterior superior iliac spine? Beneath what? What does this achieve?Pass out into the thigh
beneath inguinal ligament
to supply skin of the lateral aspect of the thigh - 133What nerves are the femoral and obturator nerve formed from?L2 TO L4
- 134But what divisions is the femoral nerve formed from?dorsal divisions
- 135Obturator?anterior divisions of ventral rami
- 136What does the femoral nerve run in ? Then passes out into?Groove between iliac us + psoas muscle
and passes out into the thigh under inguinal ligament - 137Where does the obturator nerve appear?At medial border of psoas muscle
@ level of sacroiliac joint - 138What does the obturator nerve then do? lateral to?Run along the lateral wall of pelvis
lateral to internal iliac artery
+ vein
+ureter - 139What does the obturator nerve leave the pelvis through? Where is it?Obturator foramen
beneath superior pubic ramus - 140What can be identified on an articulated pelvis?anterior superior iliac spine
pubic tubercle
pubic crest
pectineal line - 141What does the inguinal ligament run between?Anterior superior iliac spine + pubic tubercle
- 142What attaches onto pubic crest?Rectus abdominis muscle
+ laterally = conjoint tendon - 143How does the pectineal line run ? to do what?Horzontally + laterally from crest
to become continuous w/ true pelvis' margin - 144What do the fibres of the inguinal ligament do? What does this form?Sweep back + horizontally from ligament + pubic tubercle
to the pectineal line
forming triangular lacunar ligament - 145What is the free lateral margin of the lacunar ligament?crescent shaped
medial boundary of femoral canal beneath the inguinal ligament - 146How does the upper surface of the lacunar ligament lie when the pelvis is correctly oriented?Horizontally
Acts as a floor to support the spermatic cord (as it passes out into scrotum) - 147Pectineal ligamentis lacunar ligament band along the pectineal line
- 148wHERE DO THE GONADS FIRST DEVELOP?HIGH IN AB CAVITY
in region of suprarenal glands - 149What are the gonads and what do they do?retroperitoneal structures
migrate down to:
i) pelvis (ovary)
ii) thru inguinal canal + into scrotum (testis) - 150What do the gonads bring w/ them? what therefore happens?blood supply
from aorta
gonadal arteries reflex their migration path - 151Gubernaculumguie / pull gonads along less resistant path
- 152Remnant of gubernaculum: in the form of what?ligament of ovary
+ round ligament of utuerus
persists into adulthood in F
in pelvis it runs thru inguinal canal to labia majora in F - 153wHat happens as the gubernaculum draws the testis down?gabernaculum adheres to portion of peritoneum
at entry of inguinal canal - 154Vaginal processperitoneum pouch
that precedes the testis thru anterior ab wall
as it is pulled down into scrotum - 155What happens to the middle of the vaginal process? what eventually buds off?elongates + narrows
a peritoneum balloon @ distal end in the scrotum - 156What happens to the rest of the vaginal process' elongated neck? ?degenerates => disappears
- 157Where is the retroperitoneal testis in relation to the vaginal process?behind it
as it passes through the anterior ab wall
therefore the testis press into the back of the balloon in the scrotum - 158Tunica Vaginalisdouble layered serous lined sac
covers anterior surface and sides of testis - 159What does the tunic vaginalis allow?frictionless movement of testis in scrotum
- 160Hydroceletunic vaginalis
fills w/ fluid
in injury/ disease - 161What does the testis carry with it into the scrotum?anterior ab wall layers
- 162What does it also draw with it?Testicular artery
vas deferens duct
nerve supply
lymphatics - 163What happens to the centrally situated structures? What do all these structures constitute?Become covered with sleeves of fascia
derived from layers of anterior ab wall
Spermatic cord - 164Internal Spermatic Fasciainnermost layer of of the fascial sleeves around spermatic cord
extension of transversals fascia - 165Cremasteric muscle and fascia What is it derived from?Muscular layer
intertwined with loose fascia
internal oblique muscle - 166External Spermatic fascia derived from?tough layer outside spermatic cord
derived from external oblique aponeurosis - 167What 4 things does the spermatic cord contain?- vas deferens
- artery to vas deferens from vesicle artery
-artery to bladder
- artery to cremaster muscle from inferior epigastric artery
- testicular artery to testis from aorta - 168What does the cord also contain?Pampiniform plexus
nerves
lymphatics - 169What may the pampiniform plexus act as?Heat exchanger
cools arterial blood destined for the testis
keeps @ optimum temp for spermatogenesis - 170What happens at the superficial ring? What do they drain as?Venous plexus reduces to 3/so testicular veins
that drain as one vein into:
- inferior vena cava on R
- renal vein on L - 171What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve that's associated with the spermatic cord enter? then is passes what? then is supplies ?genital branch of genitofemoral nerve enters depp ring
passes thru inguinal canal
supplies cremaster muscle - 172Cremasteric ReflexStroke inner aspect of thigh
causes testis to rise
as cremaster muscle contracts - 173What does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve carry?Sympathetic Fibres
that travel onto scrotum's dartos muscle - 174What do these sympathetic nerves travel as far as? along what?spermatic cord
along blood vessels - 175What is the dartos muscle? involved in?smooth muscle
involved in temp regulation of testis
by relaxing + contraction scrotum skin in response to heat + cold - 176What does ilioinguinal nerve run over? What does it pierce? What does it enter?over iliacus muscle
pierces transversus abdominis
at anterior supeior iliac spine
enter neurovascular plane - 177What does the ilioinguinal nerve also pierce ?Internal Oblique muscle
runs into inguinal canal
between internal oblique muscle and the external oblique aponeurosis - 178Where does the ilioinguinal nerve emerge? between?at the superficial ring
between the same layers on the underside of spermatic cord - 179What does the ilioinguinal nerve do here?Leave cord
by piercing external spermatic fascia - 180what is the ilioinguinal nerve sensory nerve to?penis root
inner aspect of thigh
skin of the scrotum anteriorly - 181Where does the scrotum's lymphatics drain to? spermatic cord's lymph?inguinal nodes
spermatic cord lymph drains to paraortic lymph nodes - 182What is there as well as the vas deferens and lympahtics what is there at the level of the superficial inguinal ring?3 arteries
3 veins
3 nerves in the spermatic cord's 3 fascia layers - 183What suspends the testis in the scrotum?Spermatic Cord
- 184What happenings to the 3 fascial coverings of the spermatic cord so that they cover the testis and tunica vaginalis?They are continued into the wall of the scrotum
- 185What is deep to the tunica vaginalis?Tough Tunica albuginae
a fibrous covering of testis
covers innermost layer of the tunica vasculosa - 186What does the head of the epididymis form from?Efferent ductules
passing from testis' lobules to testis' upper poles' anterior surface - 187What is the epididymis? What portions is wound into?v. long thin duct
wound into head, body and tail portion
becomes continuous w/ larger vas deferens posteriorly @ testis' inferior pole - 188What does the tunica vaginalis press in between? On which side of what? to form what?Epididymis + testis
on lateral side of testis
epididymis sinus - 189What does the ductus deferens fell like? what does it initially run up? towards what?Feels hard (like whip cord)
runs up epididymis back
towards upper pole of testis
then back through spermatic cord to testis upper pole - 190Then back through what? to what? and then finally across?then back through the spermatic cord
to pelvic cavity's side wall
+ finally across pelvic cavity's floor to reach prostate gland - 191What are the testis like at birth?Already descend into scrotum
- 192At this time what is the path of the testis?through fascia transversalis
transversus abdominis
internal oblique
external oblique
is directly aligned front to back
just lateral to pubic tubercle - 193What happens to the opening of the transversalis fascia during growth?moves laterally nearer to anterior superior iliac spine
- 194Where does the opening through external oblique aponeurosis (or superficial ring) remain ?medially placed
next to pubic tubercle - 195What happens to the path of the spermatic cord under the transverses abdominis' lowermost fibres?moves to intermediate position
between the deep + superficial rings - 196What does the inguinal canal do in this way?it comes to run obliquely from lateral to medial
through anterior ab wall - 197What does this arrangement provide? what does it prevent?some strength to potentially weak area
of anterior ab wall
resisting displacement of structures from ab cavity thru inguinal canal - 198Floor of inguinal canalis the gutter-like horizontal surface of lacunar ligament
- 199What is lateral to the superficial ring? what does this form?External oblique aponeurosis + part of internal oblique muscle origin lie in from of spermatic cord
=> inguinal canal's anterior wall - 200What forms inguinal canal's posterior wall?Transversalis fascia + conjoint tendon
lying behind spermatic cord
+ medial to deep ring - 201What form roof of inguinal canal?internal oblique muscle arching fibres
- 202What is common in inguinal canal?Hernias
- 203Indirect Inguinal HerniaPeritoneum lining lining ab cavity enters deep ring + protrude thorugh inguinal canal
out through superficial ring
into scrotum - 204wHAT IS THE INDIRECT INGUINAL HERNIA CONSIDERED to be?Congenital
- 205What may the sac of the hernia contain?Loop of bowel
which can strangulate tight deep ring - 206What sort of hernia is more usual in old age?Direct Inguinal Hernia
- 207Describe how a direct inguinal hernia occurs?Weakness and thinning of conjoint tendon
hernia can bulge through tendon
+ through superficial ring + into scrotum - 208Identifying what allows the origin of each type of hernia to be diagnosed?Pubic tubercle
+ position of inferior epigastric artery - 209At operation, how does an indirect hernia pass? how about a direct hernia?Lateral to vessel
direct hernia medial to inferior epigastric artery
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- Fichas sobre Abdominal Wall, creado por jyghowes el 23/02/2015.
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