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Dental public health IX (100 Flash cards)

ACAPUN INSTITUTE Flashcards: Dental public health Praxis Español 100 fichas

Dental public health IX (100 Flash cards)

Fichas del conjunto (100)

  1. 1who defines oral healthsurgeon generalwho defines oral health
  2. 2oral health is influenced and related to:nutrition, communication, self-image and societal functioning.oral health is influenced and related to:
  3. 3oral health is a critical component of whatoverall health and must be included in the provisions of health care and the design of community programsoral health is a critical component of what
  4. 4define incidenceRate of new cases of a disease during or over a given period of timedefine incidence
  5. 5define prevalenceNumerical expression of the number of all existing cases of a disease in a population measured at a given point in timedefine prevalence
  6. 6define validityaccuracy of a measurement; produced by measuring what is supposed to be measureddefine validity
  7. 7define epidemicOccurrence of an illness or condition in excess of normal expectancy in a community or region usually occurring suddenly and rapidlydefine epidemic
  8. 8define pandemicEpidemic in which disease crosses international borders to affect several countries or continentsdefine pandemic
  9. 9define mortalityis the death rate resulting from a specific disease or conditiondefine mortality
  10. 10define morbidityis the extent of disease, injury, or disability in a defined populationdefine morbidity
  11. 11define riskis a probability that specific event will occurdefine risk
  12. 12define risk factormodifiable attribute or exposure known to be associated with a health conditiondefine risk factor
  13. 13define causality(cause and effect) means that a particular exposure results in a particular outcome, exposure to agent results in disease, exposure to a preventive agent results in no disease, and exposure to treatment results in resolving or controlling the diseasedefine causality
  14. 14define trendlong term changes or movements in disease patternsdefine trend
  15. 15define specificityability of a test to accurately identify the absence of a disease or conditiondefine specificity
  16. 16what does a risk establisha relationship or association between exposure and the condition that is used to infer causalitywhat does a risk establish
  17. 17what is the UCRthe usual customary and reasonable, The set fee for service that is most often charged by providers in that areawhat is the UCR
  18. 18in UCR what does the U stand forimplies that the fee is what is most often charged by providers for a given dental servicein UCR what does the U stand for
  19. 19in UCR what do the C stand forCustomary refers to a scheduled of maximum fees charge by providers with similar training and service within a specific areain UCR what do the C stand for
  20. 20in UCR what does the R stand forReasonable indicates that the fee meets the usual and customary definitions and is justifiablein UCR what does the R stand for
  21. 21what is DMFTDecayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) - permanentwhat is DMFT
  22. 22what is dmftDecayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (dmft)- primarywhat is dmft
  23. 23What is herd immunity?Results when a large proportion of population (herd) is vaccinated. Provide protection for those that are not vaccinated or without immunity. Prevents transmission of disease to others.
    *Immunologic risk factor*    What is herd immunity?
  24. 24What is primary prevention?Intervention that prevents the disease process from starting (pre-disease stage).
    Ex. exercise to prevent heart disease
    Ex. brushing/flossing to prevent caries    What is primary prevention?
  25. 25Intervention that prevents the disease process from starting (pre-disease stage). Ex. exercise to prevent heart disease Ex. brushing/flossing to prevent cariesProviding treatment to prevent progression of disease (latent stage of disease).
    Ex. BP and cholesterol meds, rinse to red. bacteria    Intervention that prevents the disease process from starting (pre-disease stage). Ex. exercise to prevent heart disease Ex. brushing/flos...
  26. 26What is tertiary prevention?Interventions that slow, arrest or reverse the progression of disease (symptomatic stage).
    Ex. Blood thinners, Fl rinse    What is tertiary prevention?
  27. 27What are the 3 stages of disease?1. Pre-Disease Stage
    2. Latent Stage
    3. Symptomatic Stage    What are the 3 stages of disease?
  28. 28What 4 factors are involved in the natural Hx of disease?1. Host (obesity, diabetes, fam hx)
    2. Agent (biologic, chemical, physical agents)
    3. Environment (incr. host-agent interaction)
    4. Vector (transmission)    What 4 factors are involved in the natural Hx of disease?
  29. 29What are the 6 different categories of risk factors?1. Biologic and Behavioral
    2. Environmental
    3. Immunologic
    4. Nutritional
    5. Genetics
    6. Services, Social & Spiritual
    "BEINGS"    What are the 6 different categories of risk factors?
  30. 30What are iatrogenic diseases?Diseases obtained from healthcare or health treatment. Ex; C-diff colitis from Clindamycin use, medication errors, false positives.
    *Services risk factor*    What are iatrogenic diseases?
  31. 31Compare/contrast incidence and prevalence.INCIDENCE: new cases
    PREVALENCE: the total number of cases
    # of prevalent cases includes # of incident cases.    Compare/contrast incidence and prevalence.
  32. 32Compare/contrast frequency and rate.Frequency: # of events - births, deaths, disease injury, decay etc.
    Rate: proportion of events within a population    Compare/contrast frequency and rate.
  33. 33Define incident cases (incidence).Number of new cases of a disease in the study population during the time period of the study.
    Ex; 66 developed CVD during the past year of the study, i.e. 66 incident (new) cases.    Define incident cases (incidence).
  34. 34Define prevalent cases (prevalence). *ACTIVITY Q*Number of people in a defined population who have that disease at a given point in time.
    Ex; in 2010, 250 000 children had caries    Define prevalent cases (prevalence). *ACTIVITY Q*
  35. 35Define incidence rate.Number of incident (new) cases of a disease in study population during the time period / Number in population at riskDefine incidence rate.
  36. 36What is the definition of risk?Exposure to chance of injury or loss.
    > Protective factors decrease likelihood
    > Risk factors increase likelihood    What is the definition of risk?
  37. 37Define prevalence rate.The proportion of a population (women 65+) that has a defined disease (hysterectomy) at a given point in time.
    Ex; 33% of all US women 65+ have had a hysterectomy    Define prevalence rate.
  38. 38What are crude rates?> Rates that apply to the entire population, with no reference to characteristics of the individuals within it.
    > Not useful for comparisons because populations differ in composition    What are crude rates?
  39. 39What are specific rates?Rates calculated after the population has been divided into groups based on particular characteristics. Used for comparisons between groups.
    Ex. age-specific, sex-specific    What are specific rates?
  40. 40What are adjusted rates?i.e. Standardized rates
    Crude rates adjusted (modified) to control for the effects of age or other variable. Fictitious rate, but eliminates effects/bias due to that variable.    What are adjusted rates?
  41. 41What is a risk factor? What is a protective factor?RISK factors - increase the likelihood of a disease.
    PROTECTIVE factors - decrease the likelihood of a disease.    What is a risk factor? What is a protective factor?
  42. 42What are the steps involved in the scientific method?1. Research question (identifying problem)
    2. Literature review
    3. Hypothesis & Testing
    4. Choose methods of assessment    What are the steps involved in the scientific method?
  43. 43Compare/Contrast null and alternate hypotheses.NULL: (H0) there is no difference between groups.
    ALTERNATE: (H1) predicts a difference between groups. Can be general, or directional.    Compare/Contrast null and alternate hypotheses.
  44. 44Describe a Type I hypothesis testing error.False positive (alpha) error. Conclude that there is a difference, when in reality there is no difference (rejecting null hypothesis).
    Ex; concluding new drug is better than old when in reality it isn't    Describe a Type I hypothesis testing error.
  45. 45What is alpha? *ACTIVITY Q*Highest risk of making a false positive error (p)
    > Convention: p < 0.05. Meaning, investigator is willing to be wrong 5x/100.    What is alpha? *ACTIVITY Q*
  46. 46Describe a Type II hypothesis testing error.False negative (beta) error. Conclude there is no difference, when in reality there is a difference.
    Ex; concluding new drug is = to old, when in reality new drug is better.    Describe a Type II hypothesis testing error.
  47. 47Which of the following p-values is not statistically significant: > 0.02 > 0.002 > 0.200 > 0.00020.200Which of the following p-values is not statistically significant: &gt; 0.02 &gt; 0.002 &gt; 0.200 &gt; 0.0002
  48. 48In which instance(s) would you reject the null hypothesis? (a) p-value = 0.10 (b) p-value = 0.23 (c) p-value = 0.01 (d) p-value = 0.002p-value < 0.05
    (c) p-value = 0.01
    (d) p-value = 0.002    In which instance(s) would you reject the null hypothesis? (a) p-value = 0.10 (b) p-value = 0.23 (c) p-value = 0.01 (d) p-value = 0.002
  49. 49Describe sensitivity.Ability of a test to detect a disease when present.
    The rate that a test fails at this = false negative error rate. More sensitive = lower false -ve error rate.    Describe sensitivity.
  50. 50Describe specificity.Ability of a test to indicate non-disease when no disease is present.
    Rate that a test falsely indicates the presence of a disease when there is no disease = false positive error rate.    Describe specificity.
  51. 51Compare/contrast positive and negative predictive values.PPV: what proportion of people with +ve test results actually had the disease.
    NPV: what proportion of people with -ve test results did not have the disease.    Compare/contrast positive and negative predictive values.
  52. 52Define validity and reliability.Validity: how well does a scale measure what it purports to measure.
    Reliability: repeatability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability)    Define validity and reliability.
  53. 53What is random sampling?Selecting a smaller group for study by use of a random method. Each member of the population has = chance of being included in the sample.
    *GOLD STANDARD*    What is random sampling?
  54. 54What is stratified sampling?Divide population into subdivisions (strata) based on a characteristic (age, ethnicity, income) and then select sample from each strata.What is stratified sampling?
  55. 55What is systematic sampling?Including individuals in a fixed, systematic way.
    Examples;
    > every nth person
    > SSC with an even last #    What is systematic sampling?
  56. 56The interaction of obesity and age on the risk of diabetes is such that their combined effects are greater than the sum of their individual effects. This is an example of ___________.Synergism.The interaction of obesity and age on the risk of diabetes is such that their combined effects are greater than the sum of their individu...
  57. 57What is convenience sampling? *ACTIVITY Q*Using those most readily available as subjects.What is convenience sampling? *ACTIVITY Q*
  58. 58What is selection bias?Occurs when using non-random ways to allocate people to study groups. Produces distortion in results.What is selection bias?
  59. 59Compare/contrast infectious and chronic disease epidemiology.INFECTIOUS: outbreaks & epidemics. Surveillance of disease rates. Modes of transmission. Relies on lab support.
    CHRONIC: long-term diseases. Mortality. Risk factors and preventative factors.    Compare/contrast infectious and chronic disease epidemiology.
  60. 60Describe a cross-sectional study.All data comes from 1 point in time. Can see associations but not infer causality.Describe a cross-sectional study.
  61. 61Describe a retrospective study.Data is collected from the past.
    Ex; medical records, history etc.    Describe a retrospective study.
  62. 62Describe a prospective/longitudinal study.> Follow participants from baseline to future.
    > Involves measuring the same factor at 2+ time points.
    > Can see changes over time.    Describe a prospective/longitudinal study.
  63. 63Describe an observational study.> No manipulation of variables
    > Experimenter does not change anything
    > Ex; case studies, cohort studies    Describe an observational study.
  64. 64Compare/contrast prospective and retrospective cohort studies.Prospective: collect baseline data and continue to follow forward and collect data over several years. Can be time consuming and $$
    Retrospective: use historical data to define risk group and follow subjects into present to see what outcomes occurred (ex. Holocaust survivors). Can't control data collection or quality.    Compare/contrast prospective and retrospective cohort studies.
  65. 65What are two types of observational studies?> Cohort studies
    > Case studies    What are two types of observational studies?
  66. 66Describe an experimental study.Randomly divides sample into;
    > Experimental group (intervention/treatment)
    > Control group (no intervention/placebo)    Describe an experimental study.
  67. 67Compare/contrast observational and experimental studiesObservational: NO manipulation of variables (cohort, case study)
    Experimental: YES manipulation of variables.    Compare/contrast observational and experimental studies
  68. 68Describe a case study.> Report on 1 person
    > Novel or unusual/rare case or treatment
    > Form of observational study    Describe a case study.
  69. 69What is a cohort?A clearly defined group of individuals, grouped on a common factor.
    Ex; geographic cohort, birth cohort, occupation etc.    What is a cohort?
  70. 70What are some "health-related states"?- Study of diseases
    - Health and longevity
    - Risk factors
    - Prevention    What are some "health-related states"?
  71. 71Compare/Contrast classical and clinical epidemiology.CLASSICAL: population/community oriented
    CLINICAL: study patients in a health care setting    Compare/Contrast classical and clinical epidemiology.
  72. 72Describe the pre-disease stage.- Before a disease process begins.
    - Intervention (prevent disease process from starting)
    - Primary prevention    Describe the pre-disease stage.
  73. 73Describe the latent stage of disease.- Disease process has begun, but asymptomatic
    - Screening, prevent progression
    - Secondary prevention    Describe the latent stage of disease.
  74. 74Describe the symptomatic stage of disease.- Disease is manifest
    - Interventions to slow, arrest or reverse progression
    - Tertiary prevention    Describe the symptomatic stage of disease.
  75. 75What are classifications of studies by design type?- Observational study
    - Experimental study
    - Case study
    - Cross-sectional survey
    - Cohort study (pro/retrospective)
    - Case-control study
    - Nested Case-control study
    - Clinical trial- Observational study
    - Experimental study
    - Case study
    - Cross-sectional survey
    - Cohort study (pro/retrospective)
    - Case-control study
    - Nested Case-control study
    - Clinical trial- Observational study
    - Experimental study
    - Case study
    - Cross-sectional survey
    - Cohort study (pro/retrospective)
    - Case-control study
    - Nested Case-control study
    - Clinical trial- Observational study
    - Experimental study
    - Case study
    - Cross-sectional survey
    - Cohort study (pro/retrospective)
    - Case-control study
    - Nested Case-control study
    - Clinical trial    What are classifications of studies by design type?
  76. 76What is a nested case-control study?A case control study nested within a cohort study. Choose cases (with disease) and matched controls (w/o disease) within a cohort.
    Ex; group with Alzheimer's and group w/o (control) that are matched according to age & sex (cohort)    What is a nested case-control study?
  77. 77What is a variable?Any characteristic that can vary.
    Ex; height, weight, age, behavior, presence of disease, clinical measurements, physical measures    What is a variable?
  78. 78Compare/contrast independent and dependent variables.INDEPENDENT: variable that is changing or manipulated by experimenter. Presumed cause/predictor.
    DEPENDENT: variable observed or measured for variation. Response, or outcome    Compare/contrast independent and dependent variables.
  79. 79When would you use an independent t-test?When comparing 2 independent groups (2-sample t-test).
    Ex; boys vs. girls    When would you use an independent t-test?
  80. 80What is a confounder/confounding variable?i.e. "Lurking variable"
    A distortion in an observed relationship between an exposure & outcome brought about by a third variable.    What is a confounder/confounding variable?
  81. 81Compare/contrast a negative vs. positive confounder.NEGATIVE: third variable weakens or masks a true association between two variables.
    POSITIVE: third variable produces an association that does not actually exist. Ex; association b/w height and weight can be confounded by nutrition.    Compare/contrast a negative vs. positive confounder.
  82. 82The direction or strength of an association between 2 variables differs according to a 3rd variable. This is known as _______________.Effect modification (interaction).
    Ex; coffee is positively associated with cognitive function in females, but negatively in males.    The direction or strength of an association between 2 variables differs according to a 3rd variable. This is known as _______________.
  83. 83Define synergism in terms of variables.Interaction between 2 causal variables so that their combined effects is greater than the sum of their effects.
    Ex; smoking and drinking on cognitive function is greater in combination than each is individually    Define synergism in terms of variables.
  84. 84What is meant by effect modification? (Interaction)The direction or strength of an association between 2 variables differs according to a 3rd variable.
    Ex; coffee's effect of cognitive function has a positive association in women, but a negative association in men (gender being the 3rd variable)    What is meant by effect modification? (Interaction)
  85. 85Compare/contrast categorical and continuous data.CATEGORICAL: discrete data that has a limited set of values. May be qualitative. Yes/No data. "Your brown eyes are nice quality"
    CONTINUOUS: data range along a continuum. May be quantitative.    Compare/contrast categorical and continuous data.
  86. 86What kind of scale of measurement is the DMFT score on?Ratio scale.
    It can range along a continuum.
    There IS a true zero.    What kind of scale of measurement is the DMFT score on?
  87. 87Describe a ratio scale.> Best type of scale
    > Equal intervals between data points
    > Has a true 0
    > Example; b.p, # of teeth    Describe a ratio scale.
  88. 88Does data skewed to the left have smaller or larger extremes?SMALL extremes.
    Ex. hormone assays    Does data skewed to the left have smaller or larger extremes?
  89. 89Does data skewed to the right have smaller or larger extremes?LARGER extremes.
    Ex. income, C reactive protein    Does data skewed to the right have smaller or larger extremes?
  90. 90What is epidemiology??> Study of factors that determine occurrence and distribution of diseases in a population
    > Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems    What is epidemiology??
  91. 91What do epidemiologists do?- Investigate epidemics, outbreaks, new diseases
    - Study biologic spectrum of disease
    - Surveillance of disease/vaccine side effects
    - Set disease control priorities
    - Apply epidemiologic methods to improve disease
    - Improve health services research
    - Provide expert testimony    What do epidemiologists do?
  92. 92List the following scales of measurement from strongest to weakest: > Nominal > Interval > Ordinal > Ratio> Ratio (Strongest)
    > Interval
    > Ordinal
    > Nominal (Weakest)    List the following scales of measurement from strongest to weakest: &gt; Nominal &gt; Interval &gt; Ordinal &gt; Ratio
  93. 93Describe interval (continuous) scales.> Equal distance between data points
    > No true 0
    > Example; Fahrenheit    Describe interval (continuous) scales.
  94. 94Describe nominal scales.Describe nominal scales.Describe nominal scales.
  95. 95Define recall bias.Occurs due to inaccurate recall of past exposures or disease details.Define recall bias.
  96. 96While clinical medicine focuses on an individual level, epidemiologists focus on _________, _________ and ________.> Populations
    > Cohorts
    > Samples within populations    While clinical medicine focuses on an individual level, epidemiologists focus on _________, _________ and ________.
  97. 97What are 3 considerations when selecting a sample of a population?1. Representativeness (sample = population)
    2. Size (larger is better)
    3. Pilot study (feasibility)    What are 3 considerations when selecting a sample of a population?
  98. 98What would be the best type of study design to use when a disease is relatively rare in a population?Case control study.What would be the best type of study design to use when a disease is relatively rare in a population?
  99. 99What are some disadvantages of a case control study?> Selection of controls can be difficult
    > Recall bias
    > Temporal relationships unclear
    > Only study one disease outcome at a time    What are some disadvantages of a case control study?
  100. 100An investigator wants to determine whether a new type of sealant is better than a brand that is currently in use. The best type of study design would be __________.Clinical trial.
    GOLD STANDARD.    An investigator wants to determine whether a new type of sealant is better than a brand that is currently in use. The best type of study ...

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Praxis Flashcards: Dental public health Fichas sobre Dental public health IX (100 Flash cards), creado por ACAPUN INSTITUTE el 06/08/2021.
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