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Fish form and function and ocean zones

Katerina Petrova Inglés 99 fichas

Fish form and function and ocean zones

Fichas del conjunto (99)

  1. 1Phylum chordatahagfishes; have a dorsal nerve cord
    not yet vertebrates
  2. 2Hagfishmost primitive fish
    jawless
  3. 3Subphylum: vertebrataLamprey; has a backbone
  4. 4lampreymost primitive vertebrate, jawless, some are parastitic
  5. 5agnathaprimitive, jawless fishes
    contains hagfish and lampreys
  6. 6class: chondrichthyescartilaginous fishes
    includes; chimaeras, sharks, skates, and rays
  7. 7subclass: Elasmobranchiisharks, skates, rays, cartilaginous
  8. 8superclass: osteichthyesbony fishes
    contains any fish with a bony skeleton
  9. 9class: actinopterygiiray-finned bony fishes
    contains most fishes
  10. 10class: sarcopterygiilobe-fined bony fishes
    contains; lungfish and coelacanths
    only 8 surviving fish; not that common
  11. 11lungfishgave rise to tetrapods
    humans closest relative
    breaths air; specialized respiratory system
  12. 12coelacanthslazarus species; living fossil
    were known only through fossils until 1938
  13. 13subclass: chondrosteigrouping of primitive bony fish with skeletons that are only partly ossified
    contains: bichirs, sturgeons, and paddlefish
  14. 14subclass: neopterygiicontains bowfin and gar
  15. 15bowfinprimitive fish
    sole surviving fish of entire order
  16. 16garprimitive bony fishes
  17. 17infraclass; teleosteiadvanced bony fishes
    contains most fish species
  18. 18teleosts: order anguilliformes"true eels"
    elongated body, catadromous
    ex. american eel
  19. 19teleosts; order esociformeselongated, torpedo-shaped body
    freshwater predators
    ex. pike
  20. 20teleosts: order gadiformes(cods)
    marine groundfish, important food fish
    3 dorsal fins
    ex. atlantic cod
  21. 21teleosts: family Salmonidaesalmon and trout
    adipose fin
    many are andromous
    ex. rainbow trout
  22. 22teleosts: family cyprinidaecarps
    no stomachs
    ex. common carp
  23. 23teleosts; family leuciscidaetrue minnows
    no stomachs
    ex. FHM, creek chub
  24. 24teleosts; family catostomadaesuckers
    ex. hogsucker
  25. 25teleosts; famliy ictaluridaen. american catfish
    barbels
    spines on dorsal and pectoral fins
  26. 26teleosts; family moronidaetemperate basses
    freshwater, marine, or anadromous
    ex. striped bass
  27. 27teleosts; family centrarchidaesunfish and bass
    freshwater
    ex. bluegill, lmb
  28. 28teleosts; family percidaeperches
    freshwater
    ex. yellow perch, walleye, darter
  29. 29teleosts; family scaenidaedrums
    marine or freshwater
    ex. red drum and Atlantic croacker
  30. 30teleosts; family cichlidaecichlids
    divers, largely tropical group
    knonw for having evolved rapidly into diverse species in the African Great Lakes
    ex. nile tilapia
  31. 31teleosts; fmaily scombridaetuna and mackerel
    marine, active swimmers
    lunate tails
    ex. yellowfin tuna
  32. 32family paralichthyidaeflounders
    marine
    both eyes on same side of head
  33. 33family molidaemarine
    heaviest bony fish
    ex. mola mola (ocean sunfish)
  34. 34taxonomytaxonomy
  35. 35summary of major group characteristicssummary of major group characteristics
  36. 36Fusiform body shape (photo)Fusiform body shape (photo)
  37. 37Fusiform body shapestreamlined fish that has a
    pointed head and narrow caudal peduncle (back)
    -deepest/widest part is about 1/3 back from head
    -slightly compressed sides
    -fast swimming/cruising fish
  38. 38compressiform (photo)compressiform (photo)
  39. 39compressiformlaterally flattened body shape
    -squeezed from teh sides
    -tall
    -most fish are this form
  40. 40depressiform (photo)depressiform (photo)
  41. 41depressiformdorso-ventrally flattened body shape
    -pancake fish
    -specialization for benthic feeding
  42. 42anguiliformeel-like body shape with a round cross-section
    -often a specialization for benthic life
    -not good at sustained swimming but good at hiding
  43. 43globiforma spherical shaped body (much like a globe)
    -not efficient swimming but very maneuverable
    -shape part of defense
  44. 44scalationscale size, number, and arrangement depend on the ecology of the fish
  45. 45placoidancestral fish scales
    tiny tooth like structures sometimes called dermal denticles
    ex. elasmobranchs
  46. 46ganoidancestral fish scales
    thick, jointed
    large diamond-shaped scales that don't overlap
    ex. gars
  47. 47"naked" fishno scales at all but protected by mucus
  48. 48cycloidleptoid fish scales
    round, flat, thin scales
    overlapping
    pretty good armor but fish is more flexible due to overlap
    ex. troug minows herrings
  49. 49leptoid scalesthe light, overlapping scales fo teleost fishes
  50. 50Ctenoidleptoid fish scales
    spiny-finned teleosts
    similar to cycloid scales but with small comb-like projections
  51. 51scutesnot sclaes
    bony external plates
    not flexible, but provide armor-like protection
    -slow swimming fish
  52. 52scales tell us about fishfast fish don't have visible scales; don't need protection because they can swim away and scales would slow them down
  53. 53Key functions of finspropulsion, maneuvering, stabilization, courtship displays, protection, specialized functions (fanning eggs, digging)
  54. 54Fin placement photoFin placement photo
  55. 55Ceratotrichia finsstiff plate like features, no branching, no segmentation
    ex. Chondrichthyes (elasmobrachs)
  56. 56Lepidotrichia fins (soft fin ray)anchored to bones that project into fish; flexible, branching, segmented
    ex. bony fish
  57. 57fine Spines (hard fin ray)bony fish may have these
    hard and pointed, unsegmented and unbranched fin ray
  58. 58Paired fins -pelvicsthoracic, jugular, abdominal
  59. 59thoracic paired pelivic finsdirectly below pectoral fins; help with manuevering
  60. 60jugular paired pelvic finsin front of pectoral fins
  61. 61abdominal pelvic finsfins somewhere behind pectoral fin; often used for stabilization
  62. 62Paired fins - pectorals pt 1shape either elongated or broad, lots of variation and specialization
    -sharks use their pectorals to generate lift, some use it to glide
  63. 63Paired fins - pectorals pt 1generally used for steering; could be used for propulsion
    elongated; high-speed maneuvering
    broad; quick turns and stability
  64. 64Caudal fin - heterocercaltail with longer upper lobe and shorter lower lobe
  65. 65caudal fin - homocercaltail in which the upper and lower lobes are externally symmetrical
    many different shapes (lunate, forked, rounded, square, and many intermediate forms
  66. 66caudal fin - isocercallacks well-defined lobes (pretty much comes to a point)
  67. 67caudal fin (photo)caudal fin (photo)
  68. 68caudal fin shape tradeoffmore speed with greater forking (lunate the fastest)
    more acceleration and maneuverability with rounded tails
  69. 69anal fin purposestability
  70. 70adipose finfleshy dorsal appendage (on top of fish behind dorsal fin)
    most fish don't have this
  71. 71caudal pedunclethe base of a fish’s tail
  72. 72mouth placementsuperior, terminal, inferior
  73. 73superior mouthon top of head
    good for fish foraging at surface
  74. 74terminal mouthat front of head
    good for fish chasing down prey in front of them
  75. 75inferior mouthat bottom of head
    good for bottom feeders
  76. 76gill rakersbony or cartilaginous arches within the mouth
    -structure can indicate diet
  77. 77naresnostrils
  78. 78barbelswhiskery strucutres (fleshy) covered in smell receptors
  79. 79ampullaeelectroreceptors; can detect electric fields
  80. 80axial skeletonaxial skeleton
  81. 81appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton
  82. 82vertebral elementsvertebral elements
  83. 83myomeresW shaped bundles of muscles that extend the length of the body
  84. 84myoseptaconnective tissue that vertically separates each myomere bundle
  85. 85white muscleburst swimming
    anaerobic
  86. 86red musclesustained swimming/cruising
    aerobic
    lots of capillaries
  87. 87anadromousadults live in saltwater, but spawn in freshwater
  88. 88catadromousadults live in freshwater, but spawn in saltwater
  89. 89abyssal zonethe deep sea floor
  90. 90bathypelagic zonethe layer of the pelagic realm where no sunlight is present
  91. 91epipelagic zoneteh top layer of the pelagic realm, where sunlight is present
  92. 92fishany swimming vertebrate with fins
  93. 93hadopelagic zonethe deepest depths of the pelagic realm, in ocean trenches
  94. 94hadal zonethe sea floor at the bottoms of ocean trenches
  95. 95mesopelagic zonethe 'twilight' zone of the pelagic realm
  96. 96neritic systemshallow-water environment near the coast
  97. 97oceanic systemdeep water environment away from the coast
  98. 98pelagic realmthe water part of oceanic systems
  99. 99ocean zones (photo)ocean zones (photo)

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