Fichas
Unit 6- Greece
Fichas del conjunto (66)
- 1Olympic GamesAn patriotic reunion between all the poleis of Greece.
-Only Became Popular in the Golden Age aka the Classical Age
-Why would wining these games be a big deal? What did it mean?
-Served as a religious and sporting event
-note: first Olympics only allowed men to compete - 2MinoansA vast Cretan maritime empire that served as an inspiration to the Greeks
-Named after the mythical king Minos
-Knossos (town)- had sewer systems
-Lots of volcano activity
-Teach their students "too well", overthrow by Mycenaeans and ceased to be important in Maritime trade - 3Mycenaeans aka The GreeksIndo-Europeans who were the first to enter the Peloponnesian peninsula.
-were guided by rivals, Minoans (what happened to the empire of Minos)
-Were stock raising nomads (does their economy change? How so?)
- Most information comes from Homer's works
-Note: Mycenaeans have internal warfare (what does this trigger?) - 4Affect of Internal Mycenaean warfareBecause of the constant fighting between the Greeks, they weakened their own forces sufficiently and allowed for a Dark Age to emerge because of the lack of culture.
- 5PolisA polis is a community made up of people from one city state. While the polis was extremely patriotic and not completely unified , they remained loyal to Greece.
-800 BCE Poleis form
- Women, slaves, are excluded from valued citizenship
- Included structures like the Agora and the Acropolis
- Significant in many other aspects (wars, culture, SPORTS) - 6Who was the biggest and most powerful polis? Who was their close competitor?Athens
Sparta!! - 7Significance of Greek GeographyBecause of the high mountain ranges and numerous islands, geography encouraged political fragmentation. Also, geography effected economy and commerce. Because of the little farmland and abundance of water, the greeks became skilled in boating and shipping along with fishing.
-What fighting style was compatible with Greek terrain. Why? - 8HomerThe author of the two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Most of the information on the Mycenaean civilization came from these writings.
- Iliad= story of Mycenaeans vs Troy
-Odyssey= story of Odysseus - 9Athenian GovernmentThe polis of Athens went through many changes in government (why was this?). This main struggle was mainly between aristocracy and democracy.
-Archons (people who kept order and balance)
- Was this really democracy?
-Very short lived
-note: this form of "democracy" flourished during the golden age of Athens. What else was flourishing during this time? - 10MonarchyOne rule, a king or a queen. The title is passed down through the family.
-What other form of government does this connect to? How? - 11AristocracyRuling class= richer folk. In order to be an aristocrat you must be born into it.
-Note: Greece switched between democracy and aristocracy many times. Why was this?
-What other form of government does this connect to? - 12OligarchyA type of government in which a small group of people rule and govern.
-Ex: Spartan government
- This connects to Aristocracy. Why? - 13DemocracyAll people have a say in the government
or just those who are eligible
-Greece switches between this and Aristocracy many times. Why?
- Ex: Periclean and Athenian democracy. Were these really democratic? - 14Was Athenian democracy actually democracy?-Some people are still excluded (ex: women and slaves)
- No Checks and Balances
- More like an oligarchy
BUT
-People are included in government more (Council of 500, Assembly)
- Common Men= Jury members - 15Republica government in which power is held by elected representatives, with a elected president vs a monarch.
- 16Totalitarianisma government in which the state controls every part of their citizens lives whenever possible.
-Ex: Spartan society - 17Spartan Life-Children ( weeding out the weak, educated and trained)
-Boys and girls are equal (strong girls= strong children,
-Men and Women are = ( women can participate in olympics)
-Mentors guide youth
- City is more important than individuality (Totalitarianism, how so?)
-No time is wasted
-Helots took care of the economy, Spartans focused on Military
-Note: Spartans were nonaggressive (What would cause others to think differently?) - 18Ostracismthe act of pushing one out who does not conform to the society's beliefs.
-Many would either be killed than be ostracized. Why would this be? What was important?
Ex: Socrates - 19Ekklesiathe general "town" meetings for the polis
-All FREE MALES in Athens were called
-Made critical decisions for the future
-Each man could speak freely
-Met in Central plaza of Athens
-Part of Athenian Democracy - 20Boulea council of 500 citizens who served for 1 year terms. It was both a legislature and an executive.
-enforced policy under supervision of ekklesia
-also supervised civil and military affairs
-Essentially modern day city council - 21Demethe basic political subdivision of the polis.
-Similar to a modern precinct
- Each deme had certain amount of boule members
-Represented "equally" in officers of polis - 22Messenian WarsA territorial war involving the Spartans and their neighbors the Messenians. The Spartans won this war and made the Messenians their slaves or Helots.
-Note: Does this add to the image of the vicious and battle hungry Spartans? - 23Helots/ HelotryAfter loosing in the Messenain Wars, the Messenians were reduced to basically slaves for the Spartans.
-Helots gave the Spartans more time to focus on military
-Note: this might cause problems later on for the spartans (Peloponnesian) - 24EphorsA small group of elected officers who made sure others had complete obedience to the state.
- Does this concede with the form of government the Spartans enforced? How so? - 25First Persian War- Darius vs Persia
-Cause; Athens helps Ionian rebel against Darius (Miletus led this rebellion)
-Darius wants to punish Greece for helping Ionian
-Leads to Battle of Marathon
-Greeks win this War
-Note: At this point the Hoplites are used in military - 26Battle of Marathon-490 BCE
-Fought on an open plain (geography in Greece is perfect what military strategy?
-Miletus tricks Persians (traps them in between two sides of the army)
-Greeks destroy Darius - 27Second Persian War-Xerxes vs Greeks (Xerxes wants to avenge his father)
-480 Xerxes builds bridge at hellespont (transfers army from Asia to Europe, does this disadvantage them later, THINK)
-Battle of Thermopylae, Athens is burned AFTER this battle, what does this do for the Athenians?
-Battle of Salamis (what made this special, what kind of battle was this?)
- Greeks win Again (what forms as a product of the Persian wars?) - 28Battle of ThermopylaeA battle in which 300 Spartan soldiers held off Greek forces for a total of 3 days before being defeated.
-How is this helpful to the other Greeks, what does this allow them to do?
- Also, did this defeat inspire the Greeks in a way, how so? - 29Battle of SalamisA naval battle fought at the pass between Salamis and the mainland. The Greeks were up against the Persians, who had a larger navy, yet they still won.
-What did this do for the Greeks on land?
-Did this inspire them/ lead to them finally winning the war? - 30HoplitesSoldiers that became important after Aristocrats stopped protected the states. The soldiers would overlap their shields on top of one another and use spears to attack.
-What did the fact that people were willing to do this say about Greeks and their poleis
-Was the terrain of Greece compatible with this fighting technique?
-Was switching from Aristocrats to Hoplites a good decision? Why or why not? - 31Delian LeagueA coalition of Greek states that was created to defend Greece against the Persians if they were ever a threat again. This grouping depending on the attack on one= attack on all principle.
- Did one particular city state become TOO POWERFUL because of this. What did this cause?
-Was this league later violated or forgotten by others? What did this cause?
-Can one say that without the battle of Salamis, the Delian League would never have formed? - 32The Peloponnesian WarWhile there are many possible causes of this war, A clear cause would be the states wanting to rebel against Athens. After Cornith joined Sparta, while betraying Athens at the same time, war soon broke out, and the Spartans emerged semi-victorious.
-Siege of Athens (what does this show us)
- How did Sparta betray the Delian league during this war?
- Was Athens also in the wrong. Why would so many of people rebel against them? What did Athens do? - 33The Siege of AthensWhile the war was between the "big 2" of Greece, both states one some and lost some. At some point during the war, a plague struck Athens (killing Pericles ). Sparta took advantage of this and finishes Athens.
-Athens looses its military, possessions, and the wall that protects it, Golden Age also ends (what does this mean for Athens?What is gained when something else is lost?) - 34Was the Peloponnesian War Worth It?While Sparta won, they suffered many consequences.
-Shortage of Food
-Overextension
-Helots rebel
-A so called power vacuum, explain!
-Over all, did Sparta screw themselves over rather than actually helping themselves? - 35PericlesThe "father" of Athenian Democracy. He was committed to his cause and fully supported the idea that people should have a say in the government.
-Reformation (politics and justice, common man gets more power)
- Paid jurors, whose power does the weaken?
- Is one of the causes of the Golden Age of Athens
-But, did Pericles do some things that weren't good? Did he use to power of Athens in the league unfairly? Was it right of people to think of him as a chief villain? - 36DracoThe first legislature of Greece who was charged with writing down all of the laws of Athens, also known as the Draconian laws.
-Note; Draconian= harsh
-Even those this was not enough to appease people at the time, many did follow these rules - 37SolonAn Athenian states man who worked to improve the class divisions and standing of common folk in government
- Divided Athens into 4 classes (Very rich, kinda rich, middle class, not rich at all)
- Creates a council of 400 (not 500 yet)
-Cancels debt, bans slavery (would this of worked in Sparta? Who does this change please? Who does is displease?)
- Common folk/ middle class can be jurors, people from the top two divisions can become archons (do we see this 2 upper class divisions elsewhere?) - 38TyrannyA government in which someone illegal obtains power from another.
Ex: Pisistratus
note: this form of government sparked from the fact that more people could now participate in government. Why just participate when you can become the government?? - 39PisistratusOne of the first of the age of tyrants. By looking at his rule, one questions the stereotype that all tyrants are bad.
- Builds temples and monuments (who has more jobs now?)
-Embraces culture (polis pride)
- Builds water systems
- Reduces strife and conflict - 40CleisthenesFollows the son of Pisistratus, makes many changes in Athens and also influences Athenian democracy
-Introduces the boule, ekklesia, and deme
- Splits Athens into 10 districts or demes (council of 500)
- Also introduces ostracism (how does this affect the amount of Athenian tyrants?)
-All men can vote (misogyny) - 41MisogynyIngrained dislike of women, possessing women hating or women discriminating views
- 42Philosophy"Love of knowledge" or for the Greeks more of the examination of all spectrums of human knowledge, not just logic.
-Pre Socratic and Classical Age Philosophers
-note: Not all people could turn to philosophy, if they couldn't understand it or keep up with it, what did the turn to?
Where did these philosophies stem from? -What do we know is the root of most philosophies? - 43Democritus's VisionThe belief of a Pre-Socratic philosopher that the atom was the fundamental building block of nature
-Note: This belief still correct in modern day! - 44ThalesThe first philosopher who's writing survived to modern day.
-Also a mathematician
- Possessed the belief that the origin of all things in nature was water - 45Natural Lawa set of events in nature that when fully understood could explain why things occur
-Notes: for Greeks the gods were not the ones who caused events in nature to happen, what beliefs of other empires does this contradict? - 46AnaximanderA pre-socratic philosopher who believed in the natural evolution of species. He also saw the universe as nebulous.
-Universe= always expanding and boundless - 47HippocratesA pre-socratic philosopher who was the father of medicine. He encouraged people to learn more about the world around them and was an empiricist.
-Hippocratic Oath (still relevant) - 48EmpiricistAn empiricist is one who believes that knowledge comes from experience.
- 49SocratesThe first classical philosopher. His focus was mostly on ethical and truthful questions.
-Socratic Method
- When Socrates was accused for "causing trouble" what did he do? Did he go out like a true Greek?
- How did Socrates's death affect his student Plato? - 50PlatoA student of Socrates whose main focus was on how one recognizes truth and reality.
-Anti- democratic, why? What did he see
-The Cave metaphor; what did this originally stem from, what was Plato salty about - 51AristotleA classical philosopher who founded the first Academy of Athens.
-Knowledge in every field of science (Physics, Metaphysics, Politics)
- Known as "The Master" by some because of his knowledge - 52Greek ReligionMany people could not understand philosophy, because of lack of education or they simply could not keep up with all the changes because of their jobs, so many turned to religion instead.
- Polytheistic (yet gods did not control destiny)
-No Priestly class
- No Holy books
- Series of rituals
- Afterlife is unimportant (same as China)
-No Emphasis on ethics - 53The Relationship between Gods and Greeks.Unlike most empires, the Gods did not control destiny and therefore were not feared, which was the source of many dumb things done by Greeks because the expected a punishment but did not fear it . The Gods were not an explanation for events that occurred and as time went on they began to become myths and tools to teach others morals.
- 54The Golden MeanThe middle ground between extremes and action. This idea was popular in the Classical age because many opposed radicals and wanted others to be humble instead of having too much pride
- 55HubrisA false overconfidence. Some saw this as the gods setting up people in a way that would always end in disaster.
-Ex: Opedius Rex - 56Opedius RexA classical tragedy built on the idea that fate controlled human life. Because of Opedius's hubris, he believed that he could trick the fates.
-Written by Sophocles
-Moral; Intelligence and will do not make one's life good - 57SapphoA woman who lived on the island of Lesbos and played a big role in the development of Lyric poetry
-Note: Lyric poetry originates from the Pre-Classical Age - 58Greek DramaOne of the most popular forms of art that developed in Greece. As time went on, members of the polis had to participate in these dramas. These dramas often depicted myths dealing with the gods
-What did this do for the polis? What did it create? - 59Greek PoetryAn art that developed in the pre-classical age. Many of these poems gave us information on Greek civilizations like the Mycenaeans
-Sappho
-Poetry was highly developed, many different genres
-Ex: Iliad and Odyessy - 60Greek Architecture and ArtsAnother art that developed in the classical age. The styles of art and architecture used by Greece established patterns for other Western art.
- Anonymous Art pieces, why would they do this? What did it improve?
- Were artists valued more in Greece than other places? Why or why not?
-Some of the things Greece did was simply a improving on others ideas, like ceramics. Do we see this in other empires? - 61Women in GreeceThe treatment of women varied by state (Sparta vs Athens)
Sparta; Women= important why?, Women were allowed to participate in olympics, able to go about their business what allowed for this?
Athens; Women are kept in back of house what does this parallel, required guardians if they were to go out, Women= legally inferior, no say in politics - 62Slavery in GreeceIn Greece, the easiest way to become a slave was by being in debt. Many slaves were skilled craftsman or workers but could not pursue these jobs because of the debt. Other states acquired slaves through war IE; Sparta
- Slaves have no civil rights or say in "democracy"
- Numerous amount of slaves to fill all jobs needed
-Slaves can't fight in wars, is this kinda dumb based on the changes in government? - 63Legacy of the GreeksThe Greeks left a mark on many aspects of modern culture such as arts, sports, philosophy, science and government. Many of these ideas and beliefs spread on to other places such as Europe
- 64Civilizationthe process in which a society reaches an advanced state of social development and organization.
Was Greece a "civilization"? Why or why note? - 65Pre-Socratic vs Classical AgeThe pre-socratic age was more focused on the origin of nature and the physical world while the Classical age focused on more ethical questions, like how does one find the truth and how does one know what they know.
- 66LycurgusA spartan who wrote a document highlighting the way of life in his state.
-was also a noble and a lawmaker
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- Fichas sobre Unit 6- Greece, creado por ReMo el 12/01/2016.
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