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GIS Exam 1

Shea Poage Inglés 142 fichas

Fichas del conjunto (142)

  1. 1Geospatial technologyMany high-tech systems that acquire, manage, store, or visualize various types of location-based data. Includes GIS, remote sensing, and GPS
  2. 2GISGeographic information system- computer-based mapping, analysis, and retrieval of location-based data
  3. 3Remote sensingAcquisition of data and imagery from the use of satellites or aircraft
  4. 4Satellite imageryDigital images of Earth acquired by sensors onboard orbiting spaceborne platforms
  5. 5Aerial photographyAcquisition of imagery of the ground taken from an airborne platform
  6. 6GPSGlobal Positioning System-acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in Earth's orbit
  7. 7Geospatial dataaka spatial data, location-based data. Items that are tied to a specific real-world location
  8. 8Non-spatial datadata that is not directly linked to a spatial location
  9. 9Google Eartha freely available virtual globe program first released in 2005
  10. 10virtual globeany software program that provides an interactive 3D map of Earth
  11. 11The study of geography is...why things are where they are
  12. 12Geospatial technology includes...GPS, GIS, remote sensing
  13. 13True or false...Remote sensing images are typically "snapshots."True
  14. 14Aerial photography is from ________, satellite imagery is from _________.Planes, satellites
  15. 15True or false...geospatial dada and nonspatial data can be linked in useful ways.True
  16. 16True or false...environmental conditions can be monitored with remote sensing.True
  17. 17Homeland security GIS applications include...Emergency evacuation plans, smoke plume modeling, and disaster mitigation and recovery efforts
  18. 18Urban planners deal with...waste water, green space, traffic, roads, and zoning
  19. 19What is the goal of GPS?Acquiring real-time location info from a series of satellites
  20. 20True or false...the US Dept of Labor believes that geospatial technology is an enormous growth area likely to generate many new jobs.True
  21. 21Example of non-spatial data...list of business names for a delivery truck to visit
  22. 22True or false...images pulled from Google Earth are continuous.False
  23. 23True or false...geospatial data is location--based.True
  24. 24How does OCEARCH use geospatial technology?GPS-used to pinpoint location
    GIS-uses pings to create other info, like shark path over period of time
  25. 25Thoughts on volunteered geographic data...If there was extensive training provided to members of the public, and if error margins are included in the data, it might be okay to trust it. Good for rescue efforts because it's a time sensitive situation and large amounts of data need to be processed.
  26. 26Datuma reference surface of Earth (model of Earth)
  27. 27Ellipsoidmodel of oblong, rounded shape of Earth. Larger at the center than at its poles
  28. 28GeoidModel of Earth using mean sea level as a base
  29. 29Geodesythe science of measuring Earth's shape
  30. 30NAD27North American Datum of 1927. Developed for measurements of the US and N. America. Center point = Meades Ranch, Kansas.
  31. 31NAD83North American Datum of 1983. Developed by the National Geodetic Survey (w/ Canadian agencies) and is used as the datum for much data for the US and N. America.
  32. 32WGS84World Geodetic System of 1984. Developed by the US Dept of Defense.
  33. 33Datum transformationChanging measurements from one datum to measurements in another datum. Computation process, standard in many geospatial software packages.
  34. 34Geographic coordinate systemGlobal reference system for determining the exact position of a point on Earth using global latitude and longitude measurements
  35. 35LatitudeParallel to the Equator, run east-to-west around the globe. There are north and south latitudes.
  36. 36Equatorline of latitude at Earth's center, 0 degree mark
  37. 37LongitudesAka meridians, perpendicular to the Equator and run north-to-south from the North Pole to the South Pole. East and west longitudes.
  38. 38Prime MeridianRuns through Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England. 0 degrees
  39. 39DMSDegrees, minutes, and seconds. Degree=60 minutes, Minute=60 seconds.
  40. 40DDDecimal degrees. The fractional decimal equivalent to coordinates found using degrees, minutes, and seconds.
  41. 41Great circle distanceThe shortest distance between two points on a spherical surface
  42. 42Time zonesmethod of measuring time around the world, created by dividing the world into subdivision of longitude and relating the time in that subdivision to the time in Greenwich, England
  43. 43International Date LineLine of longitude that uses the 180th meridian as a basis. Marks division between 24 hour periods and divides one day from another, but it also bends to accommodate geography, political boundaries, convenience, islands...doesn't strictly follow 180th meridian.
  44. 44Map projectiontranslation of coordinates and locations from their places in the real world to a flat surface. 3D Earth to 2D surface
  45. 45Mercator projectionkeeps shapes of areas intact, sizes very distorted
  46. 46Lambert conformal conic?
  47. 47Transverse Mercator?
  48. 48UTMUniversal Transverse Mercator. The grid system on locating coordinates across the globe
  49. 49UTM ZoneOne of the 60 divisions of the world set up by the UTM system, each zone being 6 degrees of longitude wide
  50. 50eastinga measurement of so many units easy (or west) of some principal meridian
  51. 51northinga measurement of so many units north (or south) of a baseline. In the southern hemisphere, take measurement in meters as a negative value, then add 10,000,000 meters.
  52. 52false northinga measurement made north (or south) of an imaginary line, used in measuring UTM northing in the southern hemisphere (to avoid negative values)
  53. 53false eastinga measurement made east (or west) of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone (based on an imaginary central meridian in each UTM zone)
  54. 54USNGUnited States National Grid. A grid system of identifying locations in the United States. Northing, easting, and zone information all written in a single string.
  55. 55SPCSState Plane Coordinate System. Grid-based system for determining coordinates of locations within the United States. Developed in 1930s, before computers. Used for city and county data and measurements.
  56. 56SPCS zonesone of the divisions of the US set up by the SPCS. Zones are formed by following state or county boundaries.
  57. 57A reference surface or model of the Earth, used for plotting locations across the globe, is called a...datum
  58. 58True or false: Lines of latitude run in an east-to-west direction around the globe.True
  59. 59Commonly used datumsNAD27, WGS84, NAD83
  60. 60In a Mercator projection, _______ remains intact but _______ can be grossly distorted.shapes, sizes
  61. 61True or false: Measurements made from one datum are unlikely to precisely match the measurements made from another datumTrue
  62. 62True or false: A false easting is a measurement made east or west of an imaginary meridian set up for a particular zone in the UTM systemTrue
  63. 63Which US state is composed of more than one SPCS zone?Texas
  64. 64In general, GSC measurements are made in...DMS
  65. 65True or false: One datum is used for all measurements of Earth's locationsFalse
  66. 66True or false: In the UTM system, each UTM zone has its own central meridianTrue
  67. 67When making measurements on a sphere, the distance between two points is referred to as the...great circle distance
  68. 68True or false: Earth is perfectly rounded.False
  69. 69Which datum is used by the Global Positioning System?WGS84
  70. 70A map's distortion is minimized at...the point of tangency
  71. 71SPCS is a coordinate system for...the United States
  72. 72Negative values can be used when making measurements _______ of the Equator and _____ of the Prime Meridiansouth, west
  73. 73One degree = __ minutes, one minute = __ seconds60, 60
  74. 74True or false: All flat maps have some distortion built into them.True
  75. 75ReprojectChanging a dataset from one map projection (or measurement system) to another. Translates coordinates, map projections, and measurements
  76. 76Spatial referenceThe use of a real-world coordinate system for identifying locations
  77. 77GeoreferencingA process whereby spatial referencing is given to data without it. Aligning an unreferenced dataset with one that has spatial reference information
  78. 78Control pointsPoint locations where the coordinates are known. Those are used in aligning the unreferenced image to the source. Ground control points or GCP
  79. 79RMSERoot mean square error. An error measure used in determining the accuracy of the overall transformation of the unreferenced data; how well now-referenced data matches source. Lower=better.
  80. 80Which type of transformation entails pulling the image, often at a slant?Skewing
  81. 81True or false: In general, the higher the RMSE, the better the match between the unreferenced data and the source data.False
  82. 82On an older printed map, the zero reference point is usually found in the...lower left corner
  83. 83The common areas that the unreferenced data to spatially referenced data are called...control points
  84. 84The process of transforming all your data sets to match one spatial referencing measurement system is called...reprojection
  85. 85True or false: When selecting control points, its best to cluster them near the center of the map.False
  86. 86True or false: In the georeferencing process, it is best if the source dsata uses a similar projection to the unreferenced data.True
  87. 87Which type of transformation entails altering the location and placement of a map?Translation
  88. 88If you use a photo scanner to scan an old map, then open the image in a GIS with data for the same location, the image will...not match up because it lacks any spatial reference
  89. 89Assuming your control points are well chose, adding more points should...improve the fit between the unreferenced data and the source
  90. 90True or false: Georeferencing can be used for non-map data, including unreferenced drawing and plansTrue
  91. 91In georeferencing, what is the minimum number of control points required to fit an unreferenced image to the source?3
  92. 92True or false: In general, it is quite easy to overlay maps created from different datums.False
  93. 93All of the following are poor control-point selection choices EXCEPT...the intersection of roads
  94. 94GPSGlobal Positioning System. A technology using signals broadcast from satellites for navigation and position determination on Earth
  95. 95NAVSTAR GPSthe United States Global Positioning System
  96. 96GNSSthe global navigation satellite system, an overall term for the tehchnologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface
  97. 973 components of GPSspace segment, control segment, user segment
  98. 98Space segmentconsists of satellites and the signals they broadcast from space.
  99. 99Constellationthe full complement of satellites comprising a GNSS. Designed to allows a person to be able to receive enough GPS signals to find their location anywhere on the planet. 24 satellite minimum
  100. 100Control segmentconsists of the control stations that monitor the signals from the GPS satellites. They collect satellite data and transmit it to the master control station at Schriever Air Force Base
  101. 101User segmentconsists of the GPS receivers on the ground that pick up signals from the satellites
  102. 102Channelsthe number of satellite signals a GPS unit can receive
  103. 103Single frequencya GPS receiver that can pick up only the L1 frequency
  104. 104Dual frequencya GPS receiver that can pick up both the L1 and L2 frequency
  105. 105almanacdata concerning the status of a GPS satellite, which is included in the information being transmitted by the satellite
  106. 106ephemerisdata referring to the GPS satellite's position in orbit
  107. 107C/A codecoarse acquisition code. The digital code broadcast on the L1 frequency, which is accessible by all GPS receivers
  108. 108P CodePrecise code. The digital code broadcast on the L1 and L2 frequencies, which is accessible by the military
  109. 109Y Codeencrypted version of the P code
  110. 110Pseudorangethe calculated distance between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver
  111. 111TrilaterationFinding a location in relation to three other points of reference
  112. 1123D trilaterationfinding a location on Earth's surface in relation to the position of 3 satellites
  113. 113Selective availabilitythe intentional degradation of the timing and position information transmitted by a GPS satellite; made C/A signal less accurate, so enemies couldn't use GPS against the US military. Introduced two errors: delta error (incorrect clock timing info) and epsilon error (incorrect satellite ephemeris information). Turned off in 2000.
  114. 114PDOPthe position dilution of precision. It describes the amount of error due to the geometric position of the GPS satellites
  115. 115multipathan error caused by a delay in the signal due to reflecting from surfaces before reaching the receiver
  116. 116DGPSdifferential GPS. A method using a ground-based correction in addition to the satellite signals in position determination
  117. 117NDGPSNational Differential GPS. Consists of ground-based DGPS locations around the US. Operated by the US DOT.
  118. 118CORSContinuously Operating Reference Stations. A system operated by the National Geodetic Survey to provide a ground-based method of obtaining more accurate GPS positioning
  119. 119SBASSatellite based augmentation system-a method of using correction information sent from an additional satellite to improve GPS position determination
  120. 120WAASWide Area Augmentation System. A satellite based augmentation system that covers the US and other portions of N. America. Developed by the Federal Aviation Administration to obtain more accurate position info for aircraft
  121. 121GLONASSthe former USSR's (now Russia's) GNSS
  122. 122Galileothe European Union's GNSS, currently in development
  123. 123CompassChina's GNSS, currently in development. AKA Beidou-2
  124. 124EGNOSan SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System) that covers Europe
  125. 125MSASan SBAS that covers Japan and nearby regions
  126. 126True or false: GPS is a "public domain" good that is free and available to everyone worldwideTrue
  127. 127A technology that uses signals broadcast from satellites to determine position and navigation on Earth is ______GNSS
  128. 128What is the minimum # of satellites needed for a constellation?24
  129. 129The control segment of GPS is composed of a series of __________.Ground stations
  130. 130GPS satellites make ___ orbits around the Earth every day.2
  131. 131The signals containing info about the satellite's status, orbit, and location are collectively referred to as the ________.Almanac
  132. 132Which of the following does not describe an attempt to make GPS more accurate?PDOP
  133. 133Ephemeris errors typically introduce ______ or so of error2 meters
  134. 134The European Union's version of GNSS is known as _______.Galileo
  135. 135Transmission time (t) x speed of light (c) =pseudorange between receiver and satellite
  136. 136The original developer of NAVSTAR GPS was which county's Dept. of Defense?the USA
  137. 137Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 main/cooperating elements of GNSS?position segment...but not important. Just know control segment, ground segment, and user segment
  138. 138How many points of reference (satellites) are required for you to find your exact location on Earth?3
  139. 139In which year was the first GPS satellite launched?1978
  140. 140Which of the following is the most highly encrypted and secure?Y code
  141. 141True or false: Users of GPS can send info back to satellites.False
  142. 142—

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Descripción
Includes Chapter 1-4 concepts and vocabulary, notes on resources, and labs 1 & 2
Creado por
Shea Poage
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