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Unit 3 Biopsychology (Neuroscience)
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- 1branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings.Biological Psychologists
- 2a cell that works to carry messages throughout the bodyneurons
- 3nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism's environment into internal electrical impulses.Sensory Neurons
- 4Neurons in the central nervous system that project their axonsMotor Neurons
- 5Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputsInterneurons
- 6neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. (found in the premotor cortex of humans)Mirror Neurons
- 7Contains the nucleus (brain) of the cell. Tells the cell to fire or not to fire.Soma (Cell Body)
- 8Wire like structure that extends from the soma to the axon terminal buttons. It is like a highway in which the messages will travel down the neuron.Axon
- 9The somewhat enlarged, often club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contacts with other nerve cells or with effector cellsAxon Terminals (aka buttons synaptic knobs)
- 10The branchy, root like part of the cell that stretches out from the cell body. Dendrites will receive messages from other neurons by grabbing on to neurotransmittersdendrites
- 11A fatty layer of tissue that surrounds the axon. It helps speed up neural impulses.myelin sheath
- 12A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.Action Potential
- 13principle stating if a neuron fires, then it always fires at the same intensity, either all energy or none at all. no in between."all-or-none- principle"
- 14When a neuron is not sending a signalResting Potential
- 15Threshold The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.Threshold
- 16The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.Synapse
- 17Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate. Neurotransmitters fit into receptor cells on the dendrites on other neurons like a key in a lock.Nerotransmitters
- 18Neurotransmitters that stimulate the brainExcitatory Nerotransmitters
- 19Transmitters that calm the brain and help create balanceInhibitory Neurotransmitters
- 20A neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.Reuptake
- 21Acetylcholineorganic molecule that acts as a neurotransmitter in many organisms, including humans
- 22a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centersDopamine
- 23important for managing mood, appetite, sleep, and dreamingSerotonin
- 24a neurotransmitter, a chemical used by the human nervous system to send messages and modulate its own function; acts in an inhibitory manner, tending to cause nerves to “calm down”gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- 25"morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasureEndorphins
- 26the brain and spinal cordCentral Nervous System
- 27the sensory and motor neurons that conetc the central nervous system to the rest of the bodyPeripheral Nervous System
- 28the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles aka skeletal nervous systemSomatic Nervous System
- 29the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs; it's sympathetic division arouses; it's parasympathetic division calmsAutonomic Nervous System
- 30the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing it's energy in stressful situationsSympathetic Nervous System
- 31The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving it's energyParasympathetic Nervous System
- 32a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus such as the knee-jerk responsereflexes
- 33the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstreamEndocrine System
- 34chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream , and affect other tissuesHormones
- 35a pair of endocrine glands that sit just about the kidneys and help secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stressAdrenal Glands
- 36the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glandsPituitary Gland
- 37tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of the brain tissueLesion
- 38an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface; these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- 39A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice through the bodyComputed Tomography Scan (CT Scan)
- 40an imaging test that can help reveal how your tissues and organs are functioningPositron Emission Tomography Scan (PET Scan)
- 41an imaging test that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the bodyMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- 42a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans; fMRI scans show brain function.fMRI (functional MRI)
- 43a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellumHindbrain
- 44the base of the brain stem; controls heart-beat and breathingMedulla
- 45a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongatapons
- 46the "little-brain" at the rear of the brain stem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance.Cerebellum
- 47the smallest region of the brain, but it plays a vital role in how the brain functionsMidbrain
- 48a nerve network in the brain stem that plays an important role in controlling arousalReticular Formation
- 49responsible for a variety of functions including receiving and processing sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understandingForebrain
- 50the brain's sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brain stem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medullaThalamus
- 51a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and rewardhypothalamus
- 52two Lima-bean sized neurual clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotionAmygdala
- 53a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storagehippocampus
- 54doughnut-shaped neural system (Including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drivesLimbic System
- 55the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cell covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.Cerebral Cortex
- 56controls activities on the right side of the body, and in humans, usually controls speech and language functionsLeft Hemisphere
- 57the cerebral hemisphere to the right of the corpus callosum that controls the left half of the bodyRight Hemisphere
- 58functional specialization of the brain, with some skills, as language, occurring primarily in the left hemisphere and others, as the perception of visual and spatial relationships, occurring primarily in the right hemisphere.Brain Lateralization
- 59the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between themCorpus Callosum
- 60different parts of the brain related to different brain functionsLobes
- 61ares of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speakingAssociation Areas
- 62portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgmentsFrontal Lobe
- 63controls language- an area, usually in the left frontal lobe, that directs the muscle movementsBroca's Area
- 64controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobeWernicke's Area
- 65impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage to either Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernick's Area (impairing understanding)Aphasia
- 66an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movementsMotor Cortex
- 67area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement and sensationsSensory Cortex
- 68portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body positionParietal Lobe
- 69portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.Occupital Lobe
- 70portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite earTemporal Lobe
- 71refers to the brain's ability to change as a result of experience. These changes can occur as a result of learning new things or because of damage to the brain.Brain Plasticity
- 72Neuropsychologist and Neurobiologist who was best known for his studies of patients with "split brains"Roger Sperry
- 73also called face blindness, is an impairment in the recognition of facesProsopagnosia
- 74a disorder of the brain that leads to shaking (tremors) and difficulty with walking, movement, and coordination.Parkinson's Disease
- 75a mental disorder that makes it hard to: Tell the difference between what is real and not real; Think clearly; Have normal emotional responses; Act normally in social situations.Schizophrenia
- 76an autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cordMultiple Sclerosis
- 77progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility.Alzheimer's Disease
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- Fichas sobre Unit 3 Biopsychology (Neuroscience), creado por HannahMalcolm el 27/02/2014.
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