Fichas
Midsemester Flash 1
Fichas del conjunto (27)
- 1Majority LanguageSpoken by the majority in a country, by the dominant linguistic group and often used as a national and official language
- 2Minority LanguageSpoken by a minority of the population, status can range from official minority to persecution and stigmatisation. AKA Community language, migrant language, regional language, indigenous language.
- 3The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML)Treaty adopted in 1992 to protect and promote historical and minority languages in Europe.
- 4National LanguageRepresents the national identity of a nation or country. 'One nation - one language' used to be promoted. Different from official language, but often the two are often the same.
- 5Official LanguageHas unique status in a country. Language of administration, legal and political discourse. 50% of countries have no official language
- 6Standard LanguageElevated to receive legal or semi-legal status, the most correct form of that language. Taught as a foreign language.
- 7Pluricentric languageLanguage with native speakers which is used in multiple countries, therefore more than one standard variation.
- 8Language Islands (Sprachinseln) (Kloss 1967)Network of speakers of one or several varieties of a certain language (L1) who are geographically dense. Promotes high language maintenance.
- 9Core Value Theory (Smolicz 1979, 1981)Values central to the self-definition of an ethnolinguistic group. When language is a core value, maintenance is high.
- 10Linguistic Market Place Value (Haugen 1980, Bourdieu 1982)Bourdieu: language will persist only while it is useful in economic terms.
Haugen: language will persist only while it serves as communication to people we wish to speak to. - 11Domains of Use and DiglossiaWhere more than one language or variety of language are used for different social situations, often considered High or Formal and Low or Informal, ie. Standard French and Verlan
- 12AbstandspracheLanguages so far apart they are obviously unintelligible, ie. Swedish and Finnish
- 13AusbauspracheLanguages which were initially related, but have developed into separate standard languages ie. Swedish and Danish
- 14Language ContactVariations which occur due to the presence of two languages within one speaker, and the interaction and influence that occurs in response.
- 15Dialect ContactConcept of Language Contact applied to dialects as well, used as mutually intelligible varieties whereas LC involves non-mutually intelligible varieties, ie. the mainland Scandinavian languages should be defined as DC instead of LC
- 16Accommodation TheoryExplains unnecessary modification of a language for non-fluent speakers. Minority speakers are more likely to accommodate than majority groups.
- 17ConvergenceAccommodation used to unify, make the L2 speaker feel comfortable
- 18DivergenceAccommodation used in order to separate the L1 speaker and the L2 speaker, exclusion
- 19Interference and TransferenceBringing one feature from a language to another in a contact situation.
- 20Code SwitchingAlternate use of two or more languages in the same conversation or interaction. The complete shift from one language to another.
- 21Code MixingInsertion of a single item from one language to another, but not a complete shift, ie. borrowing.
- 22PidginContact Language with no native speakers. Limited vocab, reduced grammatical structure and narrow range of functions.
- 23PidginisationProcess of language contact situation which results in a pidgin.
- 24CreolePidgin which has become a mother tongue of a community. Therefore Pidgin and Creole are two points in a single process of linguistic development.
- 25KoineA spoken language of a variety that has become the standard language.
- 26DialectVariety of a language of a particular group of speakers of that language that are focused in a particular geographical location.
- 27AccentAccent is the pronunciation whereas dialect is the grammatical and vocabulary differences.