Faisal works in his garden

Faisal works in his garden

1. Anatomy of the heart

   • Internal features
     • Ventricles
       • Right
       • Left
     • Atria
       • Right
       • Left
     • Valves
       • Aortic
       • Pulmonary
       • Tricuspid
       • Mitral
   • External features
     • Base
       • 2 atria mostly left
     • Apex
       • left ventricle
     • Four Borders
       • Upper
         • 2 atria mostly left
       • Lower
         • 2 ventricles mostly right
       • Left
         • LV and left auricle
       • Right
         • right atrium
     • Four surfaces
       • Sternocostal
       • Diaphragmatic
       • Left
       • Right
     • Pericardium cavity
   • Surface Anatomy

2. Physiology of the heart

   • 1- Deoxygenated blood in RA
     • 2- To RV
       • 3- To lungs (pulmonary circulation)
         • 4- Back to LA
           • 5- To LV
             • 6- To the aorta (systemic circulation)
   • Pathway of conduction:
     • 1- SA node
       • 2- AV node
         • 3- Bundle of His
           • 4- The left and right bundle branches
             • 5- Purkinje fibers

3. Blood pressure

4. Dizziness

   • Vertigo
     • False sense of motion / Spinning Sensation
   • Disequilibrium
     • off-balance / wobbly sensation
   • Presyncope
     • Feeling of losing consciousness or blacking out
   • Lightheadedness
     • feeling disconnected with the environment
   • Causes
     • Endocrine
     • Cardiovascular
     • Neurological

5. Chest pain

   • Heart problems
   • Lung problems
   • GI problems

6. Investigations

   • ECG
   • Chest X-ray
   • Cardiac computerized tomography (CT) scan
   • Cardiac Catheterization

7. Heart Sounds

   • S1
     • Mitral and Tricuspid valve closure
   • S2
     • Aortic and Pulmonary valve closure
   • S3
     • Rapid inflow of blood into normal LV.
   • S4
     • Atrial contraction to non-compliant ventricle (hypertrophy)

8. Murmurs

   • Early-systolic
     • Mitral Regur.
   • Mid-systolic
   • Pansystolic
     • Mitral and Tricuspid Regur.
   • Diastolic
     • indicates heart disease

9. Rheumatic fever

   • Treatment
     • Step 1
       • primary prevention
     • Step 2
       • anti inflammatory treatment
     • Step 3
       • supportive management & management of complications
     • Step 4
       • secondary prevention (prevention of recurrent attacks)

10. Aortic Stenosis

    • Causes
      • Genetics
      • Rheumatic Fever
      • Calcification of the valve
    • Valve Replacement
      • Biological
      • Mechanical
      • Prognosis

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