ATTENTION & PERCEPTION CONT

SECTION 3 - THEORIES OF PERCEPTION
1. 3 THEORIES
  1. GREGORY
    2. CONSTRUCTIVIST THEORY
      1. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING
        BUILD PERCEPTION OF WORLD FROM INCOMPLETE INFO
        USING PREVIOUSLY STORED KNOWLEDGE
        TO INTERPRET SENSORY INFO INCOMING
        AND MAKE SENSE OF IT
        COMBINING IT WITH WHAT THEY KNOW
        FORMING HYPOTHESIS OF WHAT THEY ARE PERCEIVING
    3. EG -HOW ILLUSIONS ARE SEEN
      1. COW PICTURE CANNOT SEE SOMETHING ELSE
  2. GIBSON
    1. CONTRASTING/OPPOSITES
      1. EYSENCK
        PERCEPTION DEPENDS ON BOTH
        TOP DOWN & BOTTOM UP
        HOW DO THESE PROCESSES INFLUENCE PERCEPTION
        EVALUATE IMPORTANCE OF THE 2 KINDS OF PROCESSING
        ANSWER = PRIMARY FACTOR - INFORMATION COMING FROM SENSES
        WHEN EITHER OR BOTH ARE DEFICIENT - TOP DOWN PROCESSING TAKES PRESIDENCE
        TOP DOWN - INFORMATION ALREADY STORED - HOW YOU PERCEIVE IT PREVIOUSLY
        IS HOW YOU WILL REFER TO IT
        AS AMOUNT OF INFO INCREASES TOP DOWN LESS INFLUENCIAL
        FAMILIARITY PLAYS A PART - MORE FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENT
        LESS NEED FOR LARGE AMOUNTS OF TOP-DOWN & ATTENTION
        LOOKED BUT FAILED TO SEE ACCIDENTS
        WHEN DRIVERS DRIVE INTO SOMETHING BUT CLAIM DID NOT SEE IT.
        THING DRIVEN INTO NOT OBVIOUS NOT EXPECTING IT TO BE THERE.
        IE ROUTE TO WORK - SOMETHING CHANGES, DO NOT LOOK FOR IT.. CYCLIST
    2. DIRECT PERCEPTION
      1. BOTTOM UP PROCESSING
        WE DONT USE STORED KNOWLEDGE AT ALL
        SENSORY INFORMATION IS ENOUGH
    3. BRUCE
      1. LIZZARD + FLY
        LIZZARD ONLY KNOWS SENSORY INFO ABOUT FLY NOTHING MORE
        AND CAN CATCH FLY - NEEDS NO PREVIOUS INFO ABOUT FLY
  3. PHENOMENOLOGISTS
    1. INVOLVED WITH FEELINGS & INDIVIDUALS PERCEPTION OF THE WORLD
      1. CONCERN THEMSELF WITH - OUR UNIQUE EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLD
        HOW WE VIEW IT DUE TO WHO WE ARE, PAST AND PRESENT
        WHAT IT FEELS LIKE AND WHAT IT MEANS TO YOU
        CALLED - EXPERIENCE OF PERCEPTION
        HAPPENS BY - KNOWLEDGE & EXPERIENCE OF A SITUATION OR OBJECT
        AND EVERYONE IS DIFFERENT DUE TO PERSONAL EXPERIENCE
        EG CUBE - CHILD SEES BUILDING BLOCK - GAMBLER SEES WEALTH, FACE NUMBER OF DICE
        EXAMPLE CANDLESTICK
        WE CAN SEE THINGS EITHER WAY IE CANDLESTICK + BACKGROUND OR FACE + BACKGROUND
        WE WILL CHOOSE WHICH IS MORE RELEVANT TO US AND VIEW IT THAT WAY
        BUT WE CAN SEE BOTH PICTURES/VISIONS
    2. HUSSERL
      1. GERMAN DUDE
        TOP DOWN PROCESSING AFFECTS PERCEPTION IN A RICHER WAY THAN GREGORY BELIEVES
  4. TOP DOWN ---------------BOTTOM UP
    1. PHENOMENOLOGY----CONSTRUCTIVISM---DIRECT PERCEPTION
  5. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY - PART OF PHENOMENOLOGISTS
    1. USE OWN KNOWLEDGE OF SUBSECTIONS TO COMPLETE PICTIURE
      1. WHOLE IS MORE THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS
        EG SPIDER IN THE WILDERNESS - IMPORTANT TO NOTICE THE OBJECT
        AS COULD BE PREDATOR OR PREY = CAMOUFLAGED
        WOULD BE IMPORTANT FOR ANCESTORS!!
2. FOCUS ON PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES
SECTION 4 - EVERYDAY COGNITIVE PROCESSES
1. SABEY & STAUGHTON
  1. LOOK BUT FAIL TO SEE ACCIDENTS
    1. EG ...NORMAL ROUTE.. STRANGE OBJECT OR DIFFERENT SITUATION
2. COLE & HUGHES
  1. SENSORY CONSPICUITY = PROPERTIES OF AN OBJECT EG SHAPE, COLOUR & BRIGHTNESS
    1. MAY NOT ALWAYS BE ENOUGH FOR US TO DETECT THEM AND PERCEIVE THEM
  2. ATTENTION CONSPICUITY = HOW LIKELY AN OBJECT IS TO DRAW ATTECTION TO ITSELF
    1. EFFECTED BY YOUR OWN EXPECTATIONS.. IF YOU EXPECT TO SEE A MOTORCYCLIST YOUR MORE LIKELY TO NOTICE ONE
3. LANGHAM ET AL
  1. SURVEY & QUASI-EXPERIMENT
    1. STATIONARY POLICE CARS FITTED WITH SENSORY ENHANCERS... SIRENS, REFLECTIVE MATERIAL, FLASHING LIGHTS ETC
      1. ARE SOMETIMES HIT BY DRIVERS WHO FAIL TO SEE THEM
        HIGHLIGHT THE ROLE OF TOP DOWN PROCESSING & AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
        IE = WHATS ALREADY BEEN EXPERIENCED IN THE PASSED AND WE PRESUME WILL BE.

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