11421968
Descripción
Mapa Mental por shaikha alzaabi, actualizado hace más de 1 año
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Creado por shaikha alzaabi
hace más de 6 años
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Laila was Losing Weight
- ANATOMY OF THE NECK
- IMPORTANT MIDLINE SURFACE
LANDMARKS
- 1- HYOID BONE: U-shaped with a body, lesser and greater horns. Level of C3 vertebra. Moves during swallowing.
- 2-LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE: Formed by the thyroid cartilage. More prominent in the male & rises with
swallowing Lies at the level of the C4 & 5 vertebrae. It rises during swallowing.
- 3- CRICOID CARTILAGE: Level of C6 vertebra.
- 3- CRICOID CARTILAGE: Level of C6 vertebra.
- 2-LARYNGEAL PROMINENCE: Formed by the thyroid cartilage. More prominent in the male & rises with
swallowing Lies at the level of the C4 & 5 vertebrae. It rises during swallowing.
- triangle
- Anterior triangle
- Anterior: Median line Posterior: Sterno cleidomastoid Base: Mandible + Line from angle to mastoid Apex:
Suprasternal notch
- Anterior: Median line Posterior: Sterno cleidomastoid Base: Mandible + Line from angle to mastoid Apex:
Suprasternal notch
- Posterior triangle
- Anteriorly: Sternomastoid Posteriorly: Trapezius Apex: Meeting between trapezius & sternomastoid at the back of
the skull. Base: Middle third of the clavicle, between the attachment of sternomastoid and trapezius.
- Anteriorly: Sternomastoid Posteriorly: Trapezius Apex: Meeting between trapezius & sternomastoid at the back of
the skull. Base: Middle third of the clavicle, between the attachment of sternomastoid and trapezius.
- Anterior triangle
- 1- HYOID BONE: U-shaped with a body, lesser and greater horns. Level of C3 vertebra. Moves during swallowing.
- Ddx of swollen neck
- <20 years
Congenital
lesions
Inflammatory
Chronic
infections
Malignant
lesions
- 20-40 years
Salivary
gland
pathology
Thyroid
pathology
Chronic
infections
- >40 years
Primary
malignant
tumor
Metastatic
lymph node
- >40 years
Primary
malignant
tumor
Metastatic
lymph node
- 20-40 years
Salivary
gland
pathology
Thyroid
pathology
Chronic
infections
- <20 years
Congenital
lesions
Inflammatory
Chronic
infections
Malignant
lesions
- Histology of the thyroid gland
- Gland covered by capsule. Septa extends into the gland dividing it into lobules Each lobule – made of an aggregation of
follicles. Each follicle is spherical in structure Follicular wall is lined with a single layer of cuboidal cells that secrete
into the interior of the follicles. Each follicle is filled with pink-staining proteinaceous material called colloid. EM shows
follicular cells with apical microvilli and many secretory granules. Between thyroid follicles are parafollicular or C cells,
which secrete calcitonin
- Gland covered by capsule. Septa extends into the gland dividing it into lobules Each lobule – made of an aggregation of
follicles. Each follicle is spherical in structure Follicular wall is lined with a single layer of cuboidal cells that secrete
into the interior of the follicles. Each follicle is filled with pink-staining proteinaceous material called colloid. EM shows
follicular cells with apical microvilli and many secretory granules. Between thyroid follicles are parafollicular or C cells,
which secrete calcitonin
- IMPORTANT MIDLINE SURFACE
LANDMARKS
- hyperthyroidisum
- History Taking
- Past medical history: Expectorants, Amiodarone, Thiocyanates
and Perchlorites, iodinated contrast dyes. Health food
supplements containing seaweed or thyroid gland extracts.
Contain large amounts of iodine that can induce thyrotoxicosis
in a patient with thyroid autonomy
- Past family history: Autoimmune disease Thyroid disease
Emigration from iodine-deficient parts of the world (Diet!)
Iodine-deficient diet: can lead to hypothyroidism or cretinism.
Cabbage, turpins and coli-flower
- Conditions that affect the thyroid function: Low T3 syndrome Liver
cirrhosis Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy
- Conditions that affect the thyroid function: Low T3 syndrome Liver
cirrhosis Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy
- Past family history: Autoimmune disease Thyroid disease
Emigration from iodine-deficient parts of the world (Diet!)
Iodine-deficient diet: can lead to hypothyroidism or cretinism.
Cabbage, turpins and coli-flower
- Past medical history: Expectorants, Amiodarone, Thiocyanates
and Perchlorites, iodinated contrast dyes. Health food
supplements containing seaweed or thyroid gland extracts.
Contain large amounts of iodine that can induce thyrotoxicosis
in a patient with thyroid autonomy
- Investigations
- Blood tests (Thyroid function
tests)
- Tests that establish whether there is
thyroid dysfunction (TSH,T4 and T3
measurements)
- Tests to know the cause of thyroid dysfunction (thyroid
auto-antibody and serum thyroglobulin measurements,
thyroid enzyme activities, biopsy of the thyroid,
ultrasound and isotopic thyroid scanning )
- Tests that establish whether there is
thyroid dysfunction (TSH,T4 and T3
measurements)
- Non Blood investigations
- RADIOACTIVE IODINE
UPTAKE
- RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE Because T4 contains much iodine,
the thyroid gland must pull a large amount of iodine out from the blood
stream in order for the gland to make an appropriate amount of T4. The
thyroid has developed a very active mechanism for doing this
- RADIOACTIVE IODINE UPTAKE Because T4 contains much iodine,
the thyroid gland must pull a large amount of iodine out from the blood
stream in order for the gland to make an appropriate amount of T4. The
thyroid has developed a very active mechanism for doing this
- RADIOACTIVE IODINE
UPTAKE
- Cholesterol test
- Your doctor may need to check your cholesterol
levels. Low cholesterol can be a sign of an elevated
metabolic rate, in which your body is burning through
cholesterol quickly.
- Your doctor may need to check your cholesterol
levels. Low cholesterol can be a sign of an elevated
metabolic rate, in which your body is burning through
cholesterol quickly.
- Ultrasound test
- Ultrasounds can measure the size of the
entire thyroid gland, as well as any masses
within it. Doctors can also use ultrasounds
to determine if a mass is solid or cystic
- Ultrasounds can measure the size of the
entire thyroid gland, as well as any masses
within it. Doctors can also use ultrasounds
to determine if a mass is solid or cystic
- Blood tests (Thyroid function
tests)
- causes
- excess iodine, a key ingredient in T4 and T3 thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid, which causes T4 and T3 to leak
out of the gland tumors of the ovaries or testes benign tumors of the thyroid or pituitary gland large amounts of
tetraiodothyronine taken through dietary supplements or
- excess iodine, a key ingredient in T4 and T3 thyroiditis, or inflammation of the thyroid, which causes T4 and T3 to leak
out of the gland tumors of the ovaries or testes benign tumors of the thyroid or pituitary gland large amounts of
tetraiodothyronine taken through dietary supplements or
- Signs and symptoms
- increased appetite nervousness restlessness inability to concentrate
weakness irregular heartbeat difficulty sleeping fine, brittle hair
itching hair loss nausea and vomiting breast development in men
- The following symptoms require immediate medical attention:
- dizziness shortness of breath loss of
consciousness fast, irregular heart rate
- dizziness shortness of breath loss of
consciousness fast, irregular heart rate
- increased appetite nervousness restlessness inability to concentrate
weakness irregular heartbeat difficulty sleeping fine, brittle hair
itching hair loss nausea and vomiting breast development in men
- diagnose
- weight loss rapid pulse elevated blood pressure protruding
eyes enlarged thyroid gland
- weight loss rapid pulse elevated blood pressure protruding
eyes enlarged thyroid gland
- treat
- Medication
- Antithyroid medications, such as
methimazole (Tapazole), stop the
thyroid from making hormones.
They are a common treatment.
- Antithyroid medications, such as
methimazole (Tapazole), stop the
thyroid from making hormones.
They are a common treatment.
- Radioactive iodine
- Common side effects include dry
mouth, dry eyes, sore throat, and
changes in taste. Precautions may need
to be taken for a short time after
treatment to prevent radiation spread to
others
- Common side effects include dry
mouth, dry eyes, sore throat, and
changes in taste. Precautions may need
to be taken for a short time after
treatment to prevent radiation spread to
others
- Surgery
- A section or all of your thyroid gland may be surgically removed. You will
then have to take thyroid hormone supplements to prevent hypothyroidism,
which occurs when you have an underactive thyroid that secretes too little
hormone. Also, beta-blockers such as propranolol can help control your
rapid pulse, sweating, anxiety, and high blood pressure. Most people respond
well to this treatment.
- Thyroidectomy
- Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at
the base of your neck
- Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at
the base of your neck
- Thyroidectomy
- A section or all of your thyroid gland may be surgically removed. You will
then have to take thyroid hormone supplements to prevent hypothyroidism,
which occurs when you have an underactive thyroid that secretes too little
hormone. Also, beta-blockers such as propranolol can help control your
rapid pulse, sweating, anxiety, and high blood pressure. Most people respond
well to this treatment.
- Medication
- Complications
- Injury to the External Laryngeal Nerve: Paralyzed
cricothyroid muscle. Injury to the Recurrent Laryngeal
Nerve: Injury to the cervical sympathetic trunk or a
sympathetic ganglion /
- Injury to the External Laryngeal Nerve: Paralyzed
cricothyroid muscle. Injury to the Recurrent Laryngeal
Nerve: Injury to the cervical sympathetic trunk or a
sympathetic ganglion /
- Epidemiology
- Hyperthyroidism is more common in women than
men (5:1 ratio). the prevalence of overt
hyperthyroidism among persons age 12 years and
older was 0.5% , Hyperthyroidism is also more
common in smokers. Graves' disease is seen most
often in younger women, while toxic nodular goiter
is more common in older women. In one prospective
cohort study of adult women, the overall incidence
of Graves' disease was 4.6 per 1000 during 10 years
of observation
- Hyperthyroidism is more common in women than
men (5:1 ratio). the prevalence of overt
hyperthyroidism among persons age 12 years and
older was 0.5% , Hyperthyroidism is also more
common in smokers. Graves' disease is seen most
often in younger women, while toxic nodular goiter
is more common in older women. In one prospective
cohort study of adult women, the overall incidence
of Graves' disease was 4.6 per 1000 during 10 years
of observation
- Follow up
- Reduce medication after 4-6 weeks, the patient
should be totally off anti-thyroid medication in
12-18 months Check thyroid function tests every
4-6 weeks Monitor closely for remission
- Reduce medication after 4-6 weeks, the patient
should be totally off anti-thyroid medication in
12-18 months Check thyroid function tests every
4-6 weeks Monitor closely for remission
- History Taking
Recursos multimedia adjuntos
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