Probability and Statistics

Probability and Statistics

1. Probability

   • Basic Concepts
     • Outcomes
       • possible result of the experiment
     • sample epace
       • the set of all possible outcomes
     • event
       • any such subset of the sample space
     • experiments
       • only observation or measurement of a random phenomenon
   • Probability formula
     • Emprical formula
       • P(s)= # if times that an even occurs/ # of times the experiment os performed
     • Theorical formula
       • P(E)= # of favorable results/ total # of results
   • Odds
     • compare the number of favorable outcomes to the number of unfarobale outcomes
   • events involving "not" ans "or"
     • Addition rule of probability
       • P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
   • events involving "and"
     • Multiplication rule of probability
       • for independent events
         • P(A andB) = P(A)*P(B/A)
       • for any two events
         • P(A and B) = P(A)*P(B)
     • conditional probability formula
       • P(B/A) = P(AnB)/P(A)
   • With Venn Diagrams
     • Dirrerences A-B
     • Intercection AnB
     • Complement A´
     • Union AuB

2. Statistics

   • Basic Concepts
     • Population
       • totality of elements under consideration
     • Sample
       • portion of the population that is selected for analysis
     • parameter
       • median, mode,mean of the population
     • Statistics
       • median, mode,mean of the sample
   • Science of collecting, describe, analize and interpret data
     • Descriptive statistics
       • collection, organization, overview and presentation of sample data
     • Inferential statistics
       • obtain infernces or conclusions based on the information taken prom the sample
   • Random variables
     • Qualitative
     • Quantitative
       • Discrete
       • Continous
   • Measurament scales
     • Basic concepts
       • identity
         • unique meaning
       • magnitude
         • have an ordened relationship
       • equal intervals
         • 1 and 2 are equal 19 and 20
       • a minimum value of zero
         • has a true zero point
     • Nominal
       • Descriptive category
     • Ordinal
       • order relationship
     • Interval
       • you know how much bigger or smaller
     • Ratio
       • four properties
   • Sampling methods
     • Non-probability samples
     • Probability samples
       • simple random sampling
         • same chance of getting chose
       • systematic random sampling
         • big population
       • stratified sampling
         • divide on stratas, based on carac
       • cluster sampling
         • chose and specific group
       • multistage sampling
         • convine more than one samplings
   • Visual display of daata
     • Line graphs Circle graphs Bar graphs Stem and Leaf Histogram
   • measures
     • of Central Tendency
       • Mode
       • Mean
       • Median
     • of dispersion
       • Standar deviation s= (xi-x)^2/N-1
       • Chevyshev´s teorem 1-1/k^2
       • range mayor value-minor value
       • Coefficient of variation v= s/x*100%
     • of position
       • Px= (.x)*n=y+1}0

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