BTEC Applied Science Biology

Microscopy
1. Light Microscopy
  1. Uses visible light and magnifying lenses to observe small objects
  2. Can observe sub-cellular structures
  3. Has a low magnification of X500
2. Electron Microscopy
  1. Use a beam of electrons in a caccum with a wavelength of less than 1 nm to visualise the specimen
  2. X500000 magnification and a high resolution
  3. Can destroy sample
3. Magnification = Size of image ÷ Actual size
Animal Cell
1. Nuclues
2. Ribosome
3. Rough ER/ Smooth ER
4. mitrochondrion
5. Chloroplast
6. Golgi complex
7. Vacuole
8. lyosome
Plant Cell
1. Cell Wall
2. Chloroplast
3. Vacuole
4. Tonoplast
5. Amyloplast
6. Plasmodesmata
7. Pits
Bacteria Cells
1. Cell Wall
2. Capsule
3. Ribosomes
4. Nucleoid
5. Plasmid
Gram Staining
1. Gram positive
  1. A Purple stain when observing the smear under a microscope it shows that Gram positive bacteria are present
2. Gram negative
  1. A pink stain as their thinner cell walls and lipid membranes allow ethanol
3. Application of crystal violet
  1. Application of iodine
    1. Alcohol wash
      1. Application of safranin
Specialised cells
1. Root hair cell
  1. Cell membrane
  2. Root hair
  3. Cell wall
  4. Cytoplasm
  5. Vacuole
2. Sperm cell
  1. Head
  2. nuclues
  3. Mitochondrion
  4. Undulipodium
  5. Neck
  6. Acrosome
  7. Middle piece
3. Palisade mesophyll cell
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Cytoplasm
  4. nuclues
  5. Vaculoe
  6. chloroplast
4. Egg cell
  1. Corona radiata
  2. nucleus
  3. cytoplasm
  4. zona pelluccida
5. Red blood cell
  1. Membrane
  2. Haemoglobin
6. White blood cell
  1. Neutrophill
  2. Multi-lobed nucleus
  3. Granulated cytoplasm
Epithelial tissue
1. Squamous epithelial tissue
  1. Lines organs and surface
  2. Rapid diffusion of oxygen
2. Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
  1. Lines trachea
  2. Sweeps away pathogens
3. Endothelial tissue
  1. Lines heart and blood vessels
  2. Provides Short diffusion

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BTEC Applied Science Biology

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