Swelling in the Leg

Swelling in the Leg

1. Anatomy of the thigh

   • Anterior compartment
     • Muscles
       • Hip Flexors
         • iliopsoas
         • Sartorius
         • Pectineus
       • Knee Extensors
         • Quadriceps Femoris
           • Rectus Femoris
           • Vastus medialis
           • Vastus Lateralis
           • Vastus intermedius
     • Innervation
       • Femoral Nerve
         • Branches
   • Medial compartment
     • Muscles
       • Hip adductors
     • Innervation
       • Obturator nerve
   • Posterior compartment
     • Innervation
       • sciatic nerve
     • Muscles
       • biceps femoris
       • semitendinosus
       • semimembranosus
       • ischial part of adductor magnus

2. Physical Examination of the Knee

   • Introduction
     • Look (Inspection)
       • Feel (Palpation)
         • Move
           • Special Test
             • Closure

3. Swelling Causes

   • Burns / Frostbites
   • Osteomyelitis
   • Sitting or staying in one position for too long
   • Osteosarcoma
   • Being pregnant
   • Cirrhosis
   • Severe long term protein deficiency
   • Allergies
   • A side effect of some medications

4. Bone Tumors

   • Skip Lesions
     • clearly patchy skipping areas that thereby are unharmed.
   • Metastasis
     • spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body
   • Classification
     • Secondary
       • Metastatic
     • Primary
       • Bone forming
         • Benign
           • Osteoma
             • Osteiod osteoma
               • Osteoblastoma
         • Malignant
           • osteosarcoma
       • Cartilaginous
         • Benign
           • Osteochondroma
             • Chondroma
         • Malignant
           • Chondrosarcoma
       • Miscellaneous
         • Benign
           • Giant cell tumor
         • Malignant
           • Ewing tumor
   • Grading and Staging
     • Grading
       • how abnormal tumor cells and tissue look under a microscope
     • Staging
       • size\extent of primary tumor and whether or not cancer cells have spread
         • TNM
           • Tumor
           • Nodal status
           • Metastasis
   • Periosteal Reactions
     • Codman Triangle
     • Sunburst Effect
   • Investigations
     • Diagnosis
     • Physical examination
     • Imaging tests
     • Plain radiography
     • Laboratory tests
     • Biopsy
   • Chemotherapy
     • Types
       • Adjuvant
       • Non-Adjuvant
       • Primary
     • Examples for bone tumors
       • Cisplatin
       • Etoposide
       • Methotrexate
       • Vincristine
     • Adverse Effects
       • bloody urine
       • peripheral neuropathy

5. CONSENT IN MEDICAL PRACTICE

   • Right of patient
   • Declaration of a person willingness
   • Implied Informed
   • Incompetent patient
     • unable to understand the information provided in the process of obtaining Consent
   • Substitute Consent Giver
     • relative up to the fourth degree
     • court appointed guardian
     • parent even if they are less than 18 years of age

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