C5 - Chemicals of the Natural Environment

C5 - Chemicals of the Natural Environment

1. Ionic Bonding

   • Giving/Takeing Electrons
     • Form positive/negative ions
   • Hydroshphere
     • Where water is formed
   • Salt Formulae
     • Magnesium Chloride
       • Mg2+Cl-
     • Sodium Chloride
       • Na+Cl-
     • Magnesium Sulphate
       • Mg2+SO2-
     • Sodium Sulpahte
       • Na2+SO42-
     • Potassium Bromide
       • K+Br-
     • Potassium Chloride
       • K+Cl-
   • Tests
     • Ions have distinct properties
     • Tell you what ions are present
     • Positive
       • Add sodium hydroxide
         • The metal will form metal hydroxide
           • Forms precipitate
             • Colour may tell you ion
     • Negative
       • Add reagent eg: silver nitrate
         • Forms precipitate
           • May tell you ion
     • Positive losses ion
     • Negative gains one for full outer shell
     • Opposite charged attract
     • Chrystals
       • Forces push on layer to move across
         • Two negative/positive it repels
           • Chrystal breaks before bends
       • High melting/boiling point
         • Large Structure
         • Strong bonds

2. Covalent Bonding

   • Simple
     • Air
       • Oxygen
         • Double covalent bond
         • Weak intermolecular bonds
           • Between moelcules
         • Strong intramolecular bonds
           • Bonds within the molecule
       • Nitrogen
         • Triple Bond
       • Carbon Dioxide
       • Low melting/boiling point
     • Molecules
       • Florine
         • One Bond
     • Sharing electrons
       • Held together by negative electron
     • 2- = 2 Bonds
     • 1- = 1 Bond
     • 3- = 3 Bonds
   • Giant
     • Minerals from lithosphere
     • Minerals
       • Diamond
         • High melting/boiling point
         • Hard
         • Insoluble
         • Insulator
       • Graphite
         • High melting/boiling point
         • Soft
         • Conductor
         • Can't break Carbon apart
           • Can break layers
       • Silicon Dioxide
   • Electrostatic attractions
     • Between Nuclei and electrons
       • Electrons are shared
   • Don't conduct when pure
   • Usually non-metal

3. Extraction Metals

   • Metallic Bonding
     • Giant Structure
     • Strong metallic bonds
   • Metals attract to free negative electrons
     • Sea of electrons
     • Strong Structure
     • Can conduct electricity
       • Flow through substance carrying charge
     • If force is applied
       • Ions slip over eachother
         • Malleable
           • unlike chrystals
   • Reduction/Oxidation (Redox)
     • Use Carbon to pull away metal ion
     • Copper+Carbon=Carbon Dioxide+Copper
   • Electrolosis
     • Positive electrode
       • Attracts Oxygen
         • Forms Carbon Dioxide
           • Replaced Regularly
             • Runs out of Carbon
       • Anode
       • Graphite (Carbon)
     • Negative electrode
       • Attracts Aluminium
         • Forms molten aluminium
           • Used
       • Cathode
     • Aluminium
     • Aluminium dissolved in molten crydite
       • Half the energy
         • Melts at 1000 degrees not 2000
     • Properties of metals
       • Malleable
       • High melting/boiling point
       • Conductor