Biodiversity & Evolution

Nota:

• Biodiversity found in genes, species, ecosystems, and ecosystem processes is vital to sustaining life on earth.

1. Diversity f(SEG)
   1. Genetic

      Nota:

      • The variety of genetic material within a species or a population.
   2. Ecological

      Nota:

      • The variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth.
   3. Funtional

      Nota:

      • The biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for the survival of species, communities, and ecosystems.
   4. Species

      Nota:

      • The number and abundance of species present in different communities
2. Evolution
   1. Natural Selection<VHR>
      1. Variability

         Nota:

         • – mutations –Random changes in DNA molecules in genes –Can occur spontaneously –External agents: radiation
      2. Heritability
      3. Reproduction
      4. Adaptive

         Nota:

         • genetically favorable traits that increase the probability to survive and reproduce
3. Geological CCAE

   Nota:

   • CCAE - Climate Changes Affect Evolution
   1. location

      Nota:

      • Locations of continents and oceans determine earth’s climate (tectonic plate movement)
   2. move & adapt

      Nota:

      • Movement of continents allow species to move and adapt
   3. earthquake & volcano

      Nota:

      • Earthquakes and volcanoes affect biological evolution by separating populations of a species and allowing new species to develop
4. Speciation
   1. Geographic
   2. Reproductive

      Nota:

      • through mutation and natural selection in two geographically isolated populations
5. Extinction(BBLM)
   1. Biological

      Nota:

      • Entire species gone
   2. Background

      Nota:

      • local environmental condition change, certain number of species disappear at slow ratevulnerable to extinction
   3. Local

      Nota:

      • –All members of a species in a specific area gone –Endemic species vulnerable to extinction
   4. Massive

      Nota:

      • abrupt rise -- catastrophic, wide-spread –Earth took millions of years to recover from previous mass extinctions –Balance between speciation and extinction determines biodiversity of earth
6. Niche

   Nota:

   • • Species occupy unique niches and play specific roles in an ecosystem The role it play in energy flow and matter cycling • Includes everything required for survival and reproduction –Water, Sunlight, Space, Temperatures, Food requirement
   1. rule of life
   2. nanospegen species
      1. generalist

         Nota:

         • broad niche, live in many different places, eat variety of food, tolerate wide range of environmental conditions
      2. Specialist

         Nota:

         • narrow niche, live only one type of habitat, eat one/few type of food, tolerate narrow range of climate, easy to extinct
      3. non-native

         Nota:

         • –Spread in new, suitable niches –Killer Bee (wild African bee in Brazil)
      4. native

         Nota:

         • normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem.
      5. richness

         Nota:

         • Species richness declines towards poles
      6. evenness

         Nota:

         • fixed  number of species for normality of biodiversity
   3. FINK species
      1. Foundation

         Nota:

         • •Create habitats and ecosystems •Beavers •Elephants - uproot trees and promotes growth of grasses for smaller grazing species •Seed dispersers - regenerate deforested area by depositing plant seeds in their droppings
      2. Indicator

         Nota:

         • •Species that serve as early warning of damage to a community or an ecosystem •Early warning system •Fish -for water pollution •Birds •Butterflies •Amphibians
      3. Keystone

         Nota:

         • •Significant role in the food web: large affect on types and abundances of other species in an ecosystem •Elimination may alter structure and/or function of ecosystem and may cause extinction •Pollinators –pollination of flowering plants by bees, bats, and birds •Top predators – control population
7. Technical term

   Nota:

   • Resource partitioning - the process whereby similar species exploit the limited resources in an ecological area without one species driving the others into extinction Biomes-Terrestrial region chracterized b certain types of vegetation and other forms of lifeTrait – heritable and lead to differential reproductionDeciduous-forest shed color seasonallyPetrify - wood change to rockMoth - night-time butterflytectonic - related to earth-crust
8. concept

   Nota:

   • •Populations evolve when genes mutate and give some individuals genetic traits that enhance their abilities to survive and to produce offspring with these traits (natural selection). •Human activities are decreasing the earth’s vital biodiversity by causing the premature extinction of species and by disrupting habitats needed for the development of new species. •Each species plays a specific ecological role in the ecosystem where it is found (ecological niche).