THE SOLID PART OF THE EARTH

THE SOLID PART OF THE EARTH

1. MINERALS

   • FEATURES
     • - They are inorganic solids - They occur naturally - They have definite chemical composition - They have a crystalline structure (Crystal --- crystallisation
   • PROPERTIES
     • - Hardness: Mohs scale. - Lustre: - Colour: - Streak: - Transparency - Cleavage - Magnetism
   • IMPORTANCE
     • Ores vs extracted metal - See chart "common ores" - ypsum, pigments, gems, noble metals...
   • Definition
     • A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, color, and hardness.

2. ROCKS

   • Are classified according to their: - Origin - Structure - Texture
   • ROCK CYCLE
     • Visit this link: http://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html
     • Sedimentary
       • Types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. Sedimentation is the collective name for processes that cause mineral and/or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate or minerals to precipitate from a solution.
       • Examples: - Sandtone - Clay - Conglomerate - Limestone - Halite - Gypsum - Coal
     • Igneous
       • Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
       • Examples: - Granite - Basalt - Obsidian - Pumice stone
     • Metamorphic
       • Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".[1] The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars),[2] causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary rock, an igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.
       • Examples: - Limestone in Marble - Clay in Slate - Granite in Gneiss
   • IMPORTANCE
     • USES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK - Conglomerate: gravel, concrete - Sandstone: glass - Clay: bricks and pottery - Gypsum: plaster - Limestone: cement - Coal and petroleum: source of energy
     • USES OF IGNEOUS ROCK - Granite: paving stones USES OF METAMORPHIC ROCK - Slate: roofs - Marble: building, monuments ...
   • Definition
     •   In geology, rock is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

3. MINERAL AND ROCK MINING

   • Mineral mining
     • - Underground mining - Open-pit mining
   • Rock mining
     • - Quarries - Gravel pits such gravels - Oil drilling such petroleum - Drilling: such Halite

4. EARTH'S INTERNAL STRUCTURE

   • Follow this links:  https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/18324229/F%C3%ADsica/F%C3%ADsica%20y%20Qu%C3%ADmica%201%C2%BA/The%20Solid%20Part%20of%20The%20Earth/earth.swf
   • https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/18324229/F%C3%ADsica/F%C3%ADsica%20y%20Qu%C3%ADmica%201%C2%BA/The%20Solid%20Part%20of%20The%20Earth/earth2.swf
   • STRESS RESPONSE
   • BY COMPOSITION