Fluids Physics

Fluids Physics

1. Topic 1. Fluids at Rest

   • Density
     • The measure of matter per volume. The number of atoms or molecules in a definite space.
       • Example: Honey is much denser than water and that's the reason why its consistency is so viscous and thick.
   • Pressure
     • Is defined as the force that is applied on a surface.
       • Example: 1. In mechanic shops they use hydraulic force to lift the vehicles. 2.When opening a soda bottle/can the high pressure held inside drops as the air escapes.

2. Topic 2. Fluids dynamic

   • Fluid
     • Substance (matter) that has the ability to flow
   • Continuity equation
     • It applies for incompressible fluids, stating that the volume flow rate has the same value at all positions, meaning that is always constant.
       • • Example: A river that has a different area along its lenght. Where the are is smaller the speed is larger as the flow should stay the same.
   • Bernoulli's Equation
     • It applies for ideal fluids that also takes into account the changes in gravitational potential energy, stating that "the work done on a unit volume of fluid by the surrounding fluid is equal to the sum of the changes in kinetic and potential energies per unit volume that occur during the flow." (Young and Freedman, 2004).
       • • Example: Hydroelectric power plants use this principle in some designs such as in hydroelectric dams, as the water travels through large tubes (penstocks) to strike a turbine, meaning that the water that travels down the pipe makes the gravitational potential energy decrease, creating a change in the pressure, taking that pressure to create energy.
   • Torricelli's Equation
     • It's used to calculate the speed of a liquid if there's no change in pressure but gravity acts on it. It states that the speed of a liquid that is flowing under gravity force out of an opening tank is proportional to the following formula:
       • • This theorem is used to find hard water (water with high mineral content) that is flowing out of a dam.
   • Reynold's Number
     • It's defined as a dimensionless parameter propotional to the ratio of inertial and ciscous forces. It determines wether a fluid is laminar or turbulent.
       • If the piping the following limits are considered:
         • • Example: It's used to display movement of organisms through water, as it indicates when a fluid is turbulent or laminar.

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