Optics

Optics

1. Light

   • ray
     • shows direction of travel
   • wavefronts
     • show wavelength
   • refraction
     • wave changes
       • speed
       • direction
         • @ boundary
           • between mediums
             • less dense -> more dense
               • wavelength shortens
               • bends toward normal
             • more dense -> less dense
               • wavelength increases
               • bends away from normal
       • wavelength
   • refractive index, n
     • high
       • light bent more
         • @greater angle
     • speed of light in vacuum, c
       • ÷ speed of light in medium
       • 3 x10^8 m/s

2. Curvature

   • measure of how curvy
     • Dioptres, D
   • up distance from source
     • down curvature
   • plane wave
     • 0 curvature
       • distant source
   • converging
     • +ve
       • becomes more curved
         • convex lens
           • adds curvature
             • C added= Power
             • thicker
               • more power
   • diverging
     • -ve
       • becomes less curved
     • incoming waves
       • 1/u always -ve

3. Magnification

   • image size
     • ÷ object size
   • congruent
     • triangles
   • no units
   • if M>1
     • image larger
       • object smaller
   • if M<1
     • image smaller
       • object larger

4. Pinhole cameras

   • single
     • small
       • focused image
         • dim
       • inverted
     • large
       • blurred image
         • bright
       • inverted
   • double
     • small
       • 2 inverted images
         • clear
           • not as clear as single

5. Resolution

   • of an image
     • size
       • smallest detaill
   • pixel
     • smallest detail
       • digital image
         • CCD
           • charge-coupled device
           • array
             • tiny light receptors
               • represent each pixel
               • records
                 • light intensity
                   • to build inverted image
                 • wavelength
   • object size
     • ÷
       • no. of pixels
         • (in 1 dimension)
         • units (m/pixel)

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