taxi driver

taxi driver

1. Anatomy of the vertebrae

2. Disc Herniation

   • definition
     • • Herniation refers to either protrusion, prolapse or extrusion.
   • types

3. Degenerative Disc Diseases

   • definition
     • e related condition that happens when one or more of the discs between the vertebrae of the spinal column deteriorates or breaks down, leading to pain.
   • causes
     • 2- Lack of oxygen
     • 4- Changes in pH levels
     • 1- Changes in hydrostatic pressure
     • 3- Lack of glucose

4. X-ray imaging of the spine

   • X-rays are still the first line investigation to asses:
     • Bony anatomy of the spine
     • Wide range of conditions affecting the bones, facet joints and intervertebral discs.
   • Standard views are:
     • AP
     • Lateral
     • Oblique
     • Flexion, extension views
   • X-rays are used for:
     • Evaluation of bone abnormalities e.g. deformity, trauma, infiltration.
     • Evaluation of degenerative disease for ‘disc space’
     • Evaluation of dynamic radiographs, for spine movement and areas of instability.

5. Physical examination of the spine

   • tests to do
     • schobers test
     • Straight leg raising “ Supine position “
     • Femoral stretch test “ Prone Position “
   • examination of the cervical region
   • examination of the thoracic\lumbar and sacral regions

6. factors of back pain

   • alleviating
     • Using medications (OTC, injections, ointments)
     • Certain yoga stretches
     • Sleeping and resting in a certain position
     • Heat and ice therapy
   • agregating
     • Lack of physical activity
     • Wrong application of hot and cold therapy
     • Sitting for long hours with no breaks to move
     • Lifting objects incorrectly

7. Scoliosis

   • definition
     • a sideways curvature the spine that occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty.
   • symptoms
     • Uneven shoulders
     • One shoulder blade that appears more prominent than the other
     • Uneven waist
     • One hip higher than the other
   • Causes
     • Neuromuscular conditions, such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy
     • Birth defects affecting the development of the bones of the spine
     • Injuries to or infections of the spine

8. Sciatica

   • RIsk Factors:
     • -Age
       • -Obesity.
         • -Occupation
           • -Prolonged sitting
   • complications
     • -Loss of feeling in the affected leg
       • -Weakness in the affected leg
         • -Loss of bowel or bladder function
   • tests
     • slump test

9. Types of therapies

   • Active
     • aerobic exercise
     • stretching exercise
     • strengthening exercise
   • Manual
     • mobilisation
     • manipulation
   • Alternative treatments for Back pain
     • Spinal manipulation
     • Biofeedback
     • Laser treatment
     • Relaxation therapy/ meditation

10. Spinal injections placement

    • epidural steroid injection
    • facet joint injection
    • sacroiliac joint infections

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