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Lecture 3: Neuron circuits and Neuropharmacology
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Biological psychology Mapa Mental sobre Lecture 3: Neuron circuits and Neuropharmacology, creado por rcheeatow_8 el 03/12/2013.
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biological psychology
biological psychology
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Lecture 3: Neuron circuits and Neuropharmacology
Part 1: Glutamate, GABA and neuron circuits
Glutamate
amino Acid
most common excitatory neurotransmitter
umami; does not pass blood brain barrier
AMPA and NMDA receptors
NMDA is ligand and voltage gated
excitotoxicity
ionotrpoic and metabotropic receptors
AMPA (ionotropic ); NMDA (ligand gated and voltage sensitive)
NMDA important for learning and memory
GABA
most common inhibitory neurotransmitter
barbituates
GABA
inhibitory
barbituates
ionotropic and metabotropic
ionotropic= opens ion channels; metabotropic= ion that binds to neuron outside of cell and chnages processes in cell, including how excitable it is
glycine is functionally similar to GABA and is released by the spinal cord and brainstem
Neuron circuits
feed forward and feed back
the stretch reflex circuit
a contrast enhacing circuit
lateral inhibition
brain oscillations
synchronization of neuron activity
Part 2: Neuromodulators
slower actions on neuron behaviour
act on metabotropic receptors
modulate circuit activity
Endogenous, exogenous, agonist, antagonist
Acetylcholine
ionotropic
nicotinic
excitatory; found on muscles; found in brain
metabotropic
muscarinic
common in autonomic nervous system
stimulate digestion ad heart rate
also found in the central nervous system; influences attention
Dopamine
acts on metabotropic receptors
D1
excitatory
D2
inhibitory
Skill and reward learning
DA neurons primarily found in the substantia nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
cocaine is a DA drug
Amphetamine is a DA drug
norepinephrine
related to epinephrine
metabotrophic receptors
alpha and beta
adrenergic drugs
beta blockers
drugs act on the body because they do not cross the BB barrier
dopamine and norepinephrine are related
catecholamines
Serotonin
metabotrophic recpetors
high tryptophan in diet
mood motivation
raphe nucleus
drugs include SSRIs , MDMA, and psychedelics
SSRIs relate to depression; MDMA less risky than believed; mechanisms of psychedelics not understood
Part 3: How three common drugs affect the brain
drug toloerance and drug sensitization
caffeine
counteracts adenosine
opioids
type of protein
some act as neuropeptides, some as hormones
endorphins, dynorphins and enkephalins
important in the pain system
opiates
morphine, heroine
Cannabinoids
Endocannabinoids
Cannabis
stimulate appetite, attitude and perception
cause relaxation or anxiety depending on individual person or situation
also varies based on plant strain
contains multiple different cannabinoid molecules
higher CBD to THC ratios tend to induce less anxiety
CB1 receptors found in the brain
CB2 receptors found in immune system
retrograde signal
CCK neurons and development
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