Unit B: Evidence of Evolution

Unit B: Evidence of Evolution

1. Taxonomy

   • Identify Organisms
   • Provide a basis for recognizing a group
   • CARL LINNAEUS
     • Developed current system for biological classification
       • Based on physical and structural characterisitics
       • Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - Species
         • Kings Play Cards On Fine Green Silk
   • Taxon (Taxa)
     • Category to classify organisms

2. Binomial Nomenclature

   • Latin
   • Uses Genus & Species
     • Only first name is capitalized In type it is italicized Written it is underlined

3. Kingdom Domains

   • Bacteria
     • Unicellular prokaryotes (don't have a nuclear envelope)
   • Archaea
     • Similar to bacteria but have significant differences
   • Eukarya
     • Multi and unicellular eukaryotes (have a nuclear envelope)

4. 6 Kingdoms

   • Eubacteria
     • No nucleus, single celled, hetero/auto trophs, inhabit a variety of areas
   • Archaebacteria
     • No nucleus, single celled, hetero/auto trophs, live in extreme environments
   • Animalia
     • Nucleus, multicellular, heterotrophs, ingest food & are mobile
   • Plantae
     • Nucleus, multicellular, autotrophs, most are sessile
   • Fungi
     • Nucleus, multi/unicellular, heterotrophs, secrete enzymes & digest food externally  
   • Protista
     • Have nucleus, multicellular, hetero/atuo trophs, many nutrition mechanisms

5. Phylogeny

   • Evolution of a particular species on a phylogenic tree starting at most ancestral form

6. Dichotomous Keys

   • Used to identify organisms - yes/no statements

7. FOssil Evidence

   • Depth doesn't always indicate age
     • Radiometric dating is best
       • Half life: amount of time it takes for half the parent to form into the daughter isotope
   • DIRECT & PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
     • Different species lived in the past
     • Complexity increases from past to present
     • Living species match fossils in their area

8. Biogeographic Evidence

   • PANGEA
     • Fossils older that 150MYA lived on PANGEA and that is why they are found on many continents
   • New Islands
     • Endemic Species (ex - Hawaii)

9. Anatomical Evidence

   • Homologous Features
     • Similar structures but different functions  - give evidence of evolutionary relationship
   • Analogous Features
     • Same structure and function but don't have evolutionary relationship
   • Vestigial Features
     • No useful purpose Ex) Whales have a pelvic bone
   • Embryonic Development
     • At the first stages of our embryonic development, we look like lots of other organisms which shows evolutionary relationship

10. Biochemical Evidence

    • Similar DNA sequences indicate evolutionary relationships

11. Evidence from Artificial Selection

    • HUmans can select & breed traits quickly so these changes could've easily occurred naturally over time