Mapa mental
Chapter 2 - Climate and change
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Chapter 2 - Climate and change
Natural changes in climate
- The last cold period (Pleistocene) started 2.6million years ago and ended 10,000 - glacial ice age
- The most recent 10,000 years has been warmer - interglacial (Holocene)
- both are referred to as the 'quaternary Period'
- Evidence
- ice cores 3km deep - 500,000 years old
- melting releasing bubbles - analyses change in air content showing how temps. have warmed/ cooled
- fossil record
- animals preferring warm/coolconditions that were alive
- ice cores 3km deep - 500,000 years old
- The most recent 10,000 years has been warmer - interglacial (Holocene)
- The last cold period (Pleistocene) started 2.6million years ago and ended 10,000 - glacial ice age
Natural causes of climate change
- orbital change
- ever 100,000 years the earth's orbit changes from circular to elliptical
- This changes how much sunlight earth recieves
- ever 100,000 years the earth's orbit changes from circular to elliptical
- Axis
- earth;s axis moves + wobbles chnging in 41,000 and 21,000 year cycles
- affecting sunlight recieved
- earth;s axis moves + wobbles chnging in 41,000 and 21,000 year cycles
- solar output
- sunspot theory - uneven temp. develop on sun's surface
- changes the amount of solar energy emitted - more spots = more energy
- 11 year cycles
- sunspot theory - uneven temp. develop on sun's surface
- Volcanic activity
- eruptions pump dust and ash into atmosphere, blanketing the Earth causing a cooling effect
- Pinatubo 1991 - sulight reduced by 10% - temps. fell 0.5 for a year
- eruptions pump dust and ash into atmosphere, blanketing the Earth causing a cooling effect
- Asteroid collisions
- Cause cooling - dust cloud blocks out sun
- extinction of dinosaur 65 million years ago
- huge fires - co2 - warming?
- Cause cooling - dust cloud blocks out sun
- orbital change
The little ice age and medieval warm period
- evidence
- diaries, folklore, paintings, books, newspapers
- tree rings in old trees are thinner for cold years
- coral grows slower when cold
- tree rings in old trees are thinner for cold years
- diaries, folklore, paintings, books, newspapers
- warm period
- vikings sailed north
- settled and farmed in greenland
- less arctic ice
- settled and farmed in greenland
- vikings sailed north
- little ice age
- A colder period in northern europe from 15th-17th century
- crops did not grow well - less productivity and food
- winters were very cold, summers short
- 'ice fairs' on river thames between 1907 and 1814
- causes
- fewer sunspots and volcanic ash in atmosphere (not humans)
- evidence
extinction
- megafauna (KILLED BY HEAT)
- Mammoths, giant beavers and sabre-toothed tigers evolved during ice age
- ice age ended temp. rose by 5 degrees in 10,000 years
- couldn't adapt to warmer climate + became extinct
- hunting by humans could have been a contributing factor
- retreated north
- couldn't adapt to warmer climate + became extinct
- ice age ended temp. rose by 5 degrees in 10,000 years
- 10,000 - 15,000 years ago
- Mammoths, giant beavers and sabre-toothed tigers evolved during ice age
- Dinosaurs (KILLED BY COLD)
- 65 million years ago
- asteroid - dust blocked out sun
- volcanic activity?
- ecosystem collapse - plant life change - food chains
- volcanic activity?
- asteroid - dust blocked out sun
- 65 million years ago
- megafauna (KILLED BY HEAT)
UK Climate
- Has a cool, 'temperate maritime' climate
- Gulf stream keeps west coast warmer than would be expected
- prevailing winds from Atlantic ocean in south west - pick up moisture from sea + bring rain
- precipitation 700mm to 2500mm
- rainfall high on west coast - recieves frontal rainfall brought by Atlantic depressions
- air masses - scandinavia (cold) + north africa (warm)
- Gulf stream keeps west coast warmer than would be expected
- Has a cool, 'temperate maritime' climate
human causes
- Carbon dioxide + methane are greenhouse gases linked to human activity
- the rise in emissions matches the start of industrial revolution
- CO2 highest in 650,000 years
- CH4 highest in 900,000 years
- Methane is 21 times more potent
- CH4 highest in 900,000 years
- CO2 highest in 650,000 years
- the rise in emissions matches the start of industrial revolution
- How are they produced?
- carbon dioxide
- industry e.g steel + cement making
- energy - burning fossil fuels
- transport increase so oil burnt for petrol and diesel
- deforestation releases carbon store
- transport increase so oil burnt for petrol and diesel
- energy - burning fossil fuels
- industry e.g steel + cement making
- Methane
- raising of livestock
- wind given off by cattle - 10% of autralia's carbon footprint
- Production + transport of coal, oil, gas
- decomposition of organic waste
- raising of livestock
- Nitrous Oxide
- emitted during agricultural and industrial activities
- combustion of solid waste an fossil fuels
- emitted during agricultural and industrial activities
- carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide + methane are greenhouse gases linked to human activity
The Greenhouse Effect
- 1. The sun warms the Earth's surface
- 2. most of the sunlight is absorbed by the earth and warms it
- 3. some heat energy radiates back into space (infrared waves)
- 4. Some of the outgoing heat is trapped by greenhouse gases, warming atmosphere
- 3. some heat energy radiates back into space (infrared waves)
- 2. most of the sunlight is absorbed by the earth and warms it
- without it it would be 30 degrees cooler- too cold for humans
- however human activity causes an 'enhanced greenhouse effect'
- 1. The sun warms the Earth's surface
IPCC believe that 550 parts per million CO2 conc. is a 'tipping point'
- Below 550ppm
- temp. rise will not go beyond 2 degrees
- sea level rise from melting glacial ice - up to 1m (coastal flooding)
- more storms + hurricanes due to warmer sea temp.
- some species may become extinct or migrate
- warmer conditions may encourage growth and biodiversity at high latitudes
- some species may become extinct or migrate
- more storms + hurricanes due to warmer sea temp.
- sea level rise from melting glacial ice - up to 1m (coastal flooding)
- temp. rise will not go beyond 2 degrees
- Above 550ppm
- global temp. rise of 6 degrees or more
- ice cap melt - loss of bright white surface to refect sunlight back to space - more energy absorbed by Earth - greater temp. rise
- Billions will lose their homes (sea level rise)
- change in world weather patterns - droughts/ storms lead to famine and disasters
- animal + plant species wouldn't be able to adapt
- ice free?
- loss of fresh water supplies
- ice free?
- animal + plant species wouldn't be able to adapt
- change in world weather patterns - droughts/ storms lead to famine and disasters
- Billions will lose their homes (sea level rise)
- ice cap melt - loss of bright white surface to refect sunlight back to space - more energy absorbed by Earth - greater temp. rise
- global temp. rise of 6 degrees or more
- Below 550ppm
Economic/ Environmental Impacts of climate change of the UK
- Developed countires being able to deal with climate change
- Holland: built enormous embankments to protect low-lying areas it has recaimed from the sea
- London: Thames barrier protects from high sea levels that drive North sea water inland into the estuary
- Holland: built enormous embankments to protect low-lying areas it has recaimed from the sea
- Environmental
- Sea level rise - loss of coastal land + increased erosion - low-lying cities flooding e.g. London
- severe storms + longer summer droughts
- change for fishing industries if species migrate
- Ecosystem change, species move to new areas, new invasive species emerge
- warmer temp. encourage disease e.g malaria
- e.g black grouse disappearing form Highlands
- Ecosystem change, species move to new areas, new invasive species emerge
- Sea level rise - loss of coastal land + increased erosion - low-lying cities flooding e.g. London
- Economic
- Growing seasons will be different in Scotland - new crops - improving agriculture
- cost of climate change refugees - migrated from poorer countries
- Hotter summers - boost tourism
- less oversea travel?
- London flooding - damage would be extremely expensive + disruptive
- cost of protecting places from flooding- some cases not practical
- Housing design - altered so less water is wasted
- AC units - more electricity
- Growing seasons will be different in Scotland - new crops - improving agriculture
- Developed countires being able to deal with climate change
Climate change in developing countires
- Maldives
- less than 2 metres above sea level
- 400,000 could become climate change refugees
- Tuvalu
- 5,000 residents of the Pacific island live only 3m above sea level
- less than 2 metres above sea level
- Bangladesh
- low-lying country - very large (160 million people) and poor population - extremely vulnerable
- much land near sea level on the Delta of river Ganges - land is naturally sinkinging + subsiding
- Environmental
- River flooding (already severe) - become worse from increased rainfall and sea level rise
- Tropical storms - more frequent - further inland - more damage
- longer drier season - droughts
- Ecomomic
- small sea level rise - massively reduce farmland + agricultural output
- more river flooding - more damage to homes - diruption to lives + economy
- more intense tropical storms spreading inland - home, live, infrastructure damage
- fast-growing population - many farmers - need land to work
- more intense tropical storms spreading inland - home, live, infrastructure damage
- cost of protecting homes and businesses - more than can afford
- coastal flooding damage crops - too salty to grow
- shrimp farming is important but rising sea temp. may damage this form of aquaculture
- Flooding - spread of water-borne disease
- shrimp farming is important but rising sea temp. may damage this form of aquaculture
- coastal flooding damage crops - too salty to grow
- Flooding - interupted schooling due to damage
- if the country is to be lifted from poverty - safeguarding education is vital
- needs wee educated citizens
- if the country is to be lifted from poverty - safeguarding education is vital
- low-lying country - very large (160 million people) and poor population - extremely vulnerable
- Poorer countries are more vulnerable to natural hazrds than rich counties
- Maldives
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- Mapa Mental sobre Chapter 2 - Climate and change, creado por laurenclark90 el 14/04/2014.
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