leukemia

leukemia

1. occurs to

   • White blood cells
     • Morphology: Irregular- Multilobular nuclei
     • Life span: 4-30 days
     • Percentage in blood: 1%
     • Function: Immunity against microorganisms
     • Types
       • granulocytes
         • Basophil
         • Eosinophil
         • Neutrophil
       • Agranulocytes
         • Lymphocytes
           • T Lymphocytes
           • B Lymphocytes
             • Plasma cells
           • NK cells
         • Monocyte
           • Macrophages
     • Content: Antibodies and granules
     • count
       • abnormalities
         • leukocytosis
           • causes
             • Bacterial infections
             • Corticosteroids
             • Myocardial infarction
             • Viral infections
             • Autoimmune
             • Malignancy
         • leukocytopenia

2. definition: Uncontrolled production of WBCs mainly caused by cancerous mutation.

3. Risk factors

   • Tobacco smoke
   • Radiation exposure
   • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy
   • Family history
   • congenital disorder
   • Drugs and toxins

4. Types

   • Acute Leukemia
     • AML
     • ALL
   • Chronic Leukemia
     • CLL
     • Chronic Myeloid leukemia
       • definition: cancerous increased numbers of cells belonging to the myeloid cell
       • Complications
         • Pain
         • Fatigue
         • Enlarged Spleen
         • Excess bleeding
         • Infention
       • Pathogenesis
         • Ph chromosome : t(9;22) Translocation
           • oncogene ( BCR-ABL )<
       • Phases
         • 1_Chronic phase
         • 2_ Accelerated phase
         • 3_ Blast phase
       • Risk Factors
         • Radiation
         • Age
         • Gender
       • Clinical Manifestation
         • Fatigue
         • Weight loss
         • Excessive sweating
         • Abdominal fullness
         • Bleeding episodes
         • Abdominal pain
       • treatment
         • TKI
         • chemotherapy
         • HSCT
           • complications
             • -headache -nausea -pain -GVHD
       • Investigations
         • Bone marrow tests
         • CBC
         • Blood chemistry
         • PCR
         • FISH
         • karyotype
         • Imaging tests
         • blood smear
       • Prognosis
         • all patient treated since 2001 are alive until now and no accurate number for the years to live

5. Sign & Symptoms

   • Fever and Night sweats -Tiredness -Headaches -Joint or bone pain -Getting infections often -Losing weight and appetite
   • -Pallor -Bone tenderness -Retinal hemorrhage -Hepatosplenomegaly -Gingival involvement (AML) -Choloroma -Swollen abdomen -Swollen lymphnodes

6. Complications

   • Infections
   • Death
   • Richter Transformation
   • Blood Problems
   • Kaposis sarcoma
   • Lung cancer
   • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
   • splenomegaly
     • causes
       • Infections
       • Hemolytic anemias
       • ITP
       • Leukemia
       • Lymphoma
       • Myeloproliferative disorders
       • Sarcoma

7. diagnosed

   • Blood test
   • Bone marrow biopsy
   • Lymph node biopsy
   • Lumbar puncture
   • Flow cytometry
   • Cytogenetic and FISH
   • Immunophenotyping

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