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All Case Studies A2
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A Levels Geography A2 Mapa Mental sobre All Case Studies A2, creado por Pip el 11/06/2014.
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geography a2
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All Case Studies A2
World Cities
Urbanisation - the process by which more people live in towns and cities
2007 - 3.2 billion world pop in urban areas
Urban growth - push/pull factors
Suburbanisation - movement from central to edges "suburbs"
Suburbiton, London
Counter Urbanisation - from cities to rural areas
Pressures on green belt
Re urbanisation - movement back to city centre after a period of urban decline
Urban regeneration
Out of town shopping centres threatening town centres eg bluewater
But Touchwood Shopping Centre in Solihull redeveloped town centre
Gentrification - individuals
Property-led regeneration schemes
Sustainable communities
City Challenge Partnerships - bidding
Hulme
London Docklands
Slums of hope vs dispair
Mumbai suburbanisation case study
Juxtaposition rich and poor
Affluent more £ than London, but 60% pop in poverty
Daharavi - slum of Mumbai
Sustainable Cities
Waste management
Transport
Curitiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Innovative
99% inhabitants want to live there
However now becoming outdated
Landfill expected to overflow
No longer Brazilian city with most green space
Needs to focus on development - not same needs as 40 years ago
Transport sysem
Bi-articulated buses with tube stops - efficient, over 2 mill passengers day, 70% pop
Car ownership low, so pollution low
Promotes cycling - cycle lanes, large pedestrianised areas
The green exchange
Swap recyclables for food
Highest recycling rate in the world - 70%
Large green areas to reduce flooding and be green
BedZed UK
Focus on organic promotion - reduce high food miles
Promotes cycling and public transport
Reduce reuse recycle - clothes and furniture swaps
Development and Globalisation
Development gap/continuum
North/south divide
Can be measures in GDP/GNP - gross domestic product, gross national product but not always accurate
Use the HDI - Human development index
Asian Tigers - 1960s - Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore
Economic groupings 1-4
1 affluent, 2 emerging, 3 resources, 4 worst
Globalisation - increasing interconnection between the world's economic, cultural and political systems
Trade blocs
Trade vs Aid
LDC Bangladesh
Plethora of problems
Environmental natural disasters - farms failing
Social - gender equality, provision of healthcare and education is bad
Trade more important than aid
Aid is temporary, trade is long term
Trade is more sustainable
Trade is country, aid is others
In some cases 1 type is better than others
Corrupt governments
Trade to promote economic growth
Smoke ovens aid very successful
Massi communities in Kenya
NICS - India, china, 1st and 2nd gen
FDI - foreign direct investment
BoserUP vs Malthus
LDC - Darfur in Africa
Social and political hinderance becasue of conflict
Civil war since 2003
Almost landlocked
Next to Sudan, arab, conflict between black african farmers and arab herders over land
Janjaweed pro-gov arab milita (unofficial)
TNC - Nissan
1960s and 70s took advantage of latest manufacturing technology
Expanded production from just Taiwan to UK and USA
1984 Nissan UK opened
USA 1980
Interrupted car manufacture WW2 to make trucks - took advantage of situation
NAFTA -1994
EU - 1957, originally 6, 15 by 2000, 27 by 2008
Sustainable tourism
Knoll Beach, Dorset, UK
Costa Rica Cloud Forest
Ecosystems
Heather Moorland
UK Climatic Climax
Dulwich Upper Woods
Human management
Korup National Park
Tropical Equatorial Rainforest
Sundarbans Reserved Forest and Serengeti
Fragile ecosystems
Conservation vs Exploitation
Plates and Tectonics
Montserrat - Caribbean - 1995
Lots of help from British government
Dormant for 400 years - not prepared
Costs went from £10 mill to £75 mill in 10 years
Island at largest point 12x8km - everyone near volcano
Many casualties
No specific monitoring system in place
Initial earthquake recorded at Uni West Indes Seismic Research Unit
Mt. Etna - Italy - Ongoing
1992 lava tubes towards zafferana
Agriculture on side of volcano
Composite volcano with low viscosity lava - able to travel far
Wide range of eruptions - minor to explosive
Permanent monitoring via remote sensors for last 20+ years
Not many deaths, usually tourists, locals are used to it
People rebuild own homes, government intervention rare, except zafferana
Italian army provided earth moving equipment to block and divert flow
Intrusive features
Bedding planes in sedimentary rocks, forming crust
Dykes, vertical with horizontal cooling cracks
Sills, horizontal with vertical cooling cracks
Batholiths, large lava mass cool slowly and solidify creating large crystals eg granite
Metamorphic aureole, form around batholith from heat and pressure, eg limestone to marble
Extrusive features
Geysers and hot springs, no volcanoes but water heated at depth in crust
Fumarole, superheated water turns to steam as condenses at surface
Solfatara, also name place, where these mix with sulfur-rich gases
Boiling mud
Measuring/recording
Mercalli Scale
In terms of event impacts rather than event itself
Richter Scale
Logarithmic
0.5 x10 bigger than 0.4
More people recognise this scale, easy - out of 10
Doesnt measure all frequencies and can take days/weeks analysing whole earth to know
Use Moment Magnitude Scale - newer and more accurate
Developed in 1970s and accounts for more types of waves and more frequencies so better
Seismograph - pen shows ground oscilations and records wave intensity
Indian ocean 2004 tsunami
Los Angeles Earthquake 1994
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