ABDOMEN

ABDOMEN

1. Posterior Abdominal Wall

   • lies between
     • the two mid-dorsal lines
       • below the diaphragm
         • and above the pelvis
           • The spinal column forms part of its structure
             • Major vessel an lymphatic channels
               • lie in it

2. Anterior Abdominal wall

   • Extends from the costal margins
     • to
       • the iliac crests
         • pubis
           • and pubic symphisis inferiorly
             • Connected to posterior abd.wall and
               • paravertebral tissues
                 • Involved in many physiological act.
                   • A.abd wall tissues form the
                     • Inguinal canal
                       • and
                         • umbilicus

3. Adbomen +Pelvis

   • Largest visceral cavity
     • They act together
       • To support and protect
         • Digestive and urinary tracts and reproductive organs

4. Gastrointestinal Tract

   • Abdominal oesophagus and Stomach
     • Stomach
       • Lies in a curve within the left hypochondrium and epigastrium
   • Small Intestine
   • Large Intestine

5. Abdominal Viscera

   • Liver
     • Inferior border extends along right 10th costal cartilage
     • Upper border passes from the 5th rib
     • Largest of abdominal viscera
       • Size varies
         • Approx. 5% of the body weight
           • Performs metabolic act.
   • Gallbladder
     • Commonly identified with the tip of the ninth costal cartilage
   • Pancreas
     • Surface projection of its head
       • Lies within the duodenal curve
         • Tail
           • Lies a little above and to the left for approx. 10 cm
   • Spleen
     • Lies beneath the 9th,10th and 11th ribs
       • Left side
   • Suprarenal (adrenal) gland
   • Surface markings
     • Variable
       • Depend
         • Age
         • Nutritional state
         • Body position
   • Appendix
     • Highly variable
       • Narrow
         • Vermiform
           • may occupy several positions

6. Urogenital System

   • Kidney and ureter
     • Ureter
       • Starts in either side
         • At the transpyloric plane
           • Approx.5cm from the midline
             • Enters the bladder
     • Kidney
       • 2.5 lower standing than in supine
         • Right
           • 1.25 cm lower than the left
         • Left
   • Bladder , prostate and urethra
   • Male
   • Female

7. Autonomic supply

   • Via Splanchnic nerve, Vagus and Parasympathetic
     • Autonomic plexuses
       • Variable and often fuse
         • Superior hypogastric p.
         • Abdominal aortic p.
         • Inferior Mesenteric p.
         • Superior Mesenteric p.
         • Inferior hypogastric p.
         • Phrenic plexus