Childhood Diseases

Childhood Diseases

1. Infancy

   • Conjunctivitis
     • Characteristics
       • Red conjunctiva Swollen with yellow or white discharge
     • Complications
       • Periorbital Cellulitis Brain abscess Decreased vision
     • Treatments
       • Optic Antibiotics
     • Nursing Management
       • Instilling antibiotics Hand washing Limit exposure to other children until on antibiotics for 24hrs
   • Atopic Dermatitis
     • Characteristics
       • Chronic red, pruritic crust or vesicles on face, scalp, and/or extensor aspects of arms & legs
     • Complications
       • Secondary skin infections
     • Treatments
       • Avoid allergy-causing foods and environmental factors Lubricate with moisturizing ointments and creams (3-4x/day) Apply topical steroids
     • Nursing Management
       • Reduce frequency of bathing to a few times per week in tepid, NOT hot, water Lubricate skin after bathing or swimming Apply topical steroid Use benadryl or atarax for pruritis

2. Newborn

   • Cow's Milk Allergy
     • Characteristics
       • Crying Irritability Diarrhea Vomiting Colic Wheezing Bloody stools Rhinitis Asthma Sneezing Coughing Eczema *Or a combo within the first 4 months of life
     • Complications
       • Slow growth Possible anaphylaxis
     • Treatments
       • Eliminate cow's milk Switch to a casein hydrolysate milk formula such as Pregestimil, Nutramigen, or Alimentum
     • Nursing Management
       • Reassure and educate parents Maintain infants on milk-free diet for 1-2 years, after which small quantities of milk are reintroduced Many children outgrow the sensitivity by 3-4 years
   • Diaper Dermatitis
     • Characteristics
       • Bright red rash with raised borders, often with satellite lesions in skin folds
     • Complications
       • Scarring Systemic infections
     • Treatements
       • Topical glucocorticoids or antifungals if nursing management not successful
     • Nursing Management
       • Frequent diaper changes Expose to air for minor diaper derm. Use thick zinc oxide or petroleum to protect skin for moderate-severe diaper derm

3. Adolescence

   • Acne Vulgaris
     • Characteristics
       • Formation of black heads or white heads Proliferation of P. acnes (a benign organism always present on the skin)
     • Complications
       • Secondary infection Scarring
     • Treatments
       • Supportive care and specific treatments determined by type of lesions Resolves slowly over 6+ weeksTopical benzoyl peroxide inhibits bacterial growthActuate may be used in severe cases, but pregnancy must be prevented while using this med.
     • Nursing Management
       • Explanation of disease process Education about gentle cleansing

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