BTEC Applied Science Biology

BTEC Applied Science Biology

1. Microscopy

   • Light Microscopy
     • Uses visible light and magnifying lenses to observe small objects
     • Can observe sub-cellular structures
     • Has a low magnification of X500
   • Electron Microscopy
     • Use a beam of electrons in a caccum with a wavelength of less than 1 nm to visualise the specimen
     • X500000 magnification and a high resolution
     • Can destroy sample
   • Magnification = Size of image ÷ Actual size

2. Animal Cell

   • Nuclues
   • Ribosome
   • Rough ER/ Smooth ER
   • mitrochondrion
   • Chloroplast
   • Golgi complex
   • Vacuole
   • lyosome

3. Plant Cell

   • Cell Wall
   • Chloroplast
   • Vacuole
   • Tonoplast
   • Amyloplast
   • Plasmodesmata
   • Pits

4. Bacteria Cells

   • Cell Wall
   • Capsule
   • Ribosomes
   • Nucleoid
   • Plasmid

5. Gram Staining

   • Gram positive
     • A Purple stain when observing the smear under a microscope it shows that Gram positive bacteria are present
   • Gram negative
     • A pink stain as their thinner cell walls and lipid membranes allow ethanol
   • Application of crystal violet
     • Application of iodine
       • Alcohol wash
         • Application of safranin

6. Specialised cells

   • Root hair cell
     • Cell membrane
     • Root hair
     • Cell wall
     • Cytoplasm
     • Vacuole
   • Sperm cell
     • Head
     • nuclues
     • Mitochondrion
     • Undulipodium
     • Neck
     • Acrosome
     • Middle piece
   • Palisade mesophyll cell
     • Cell wall
     • Cell membrane
     • Cytoplasm
     • nuclues
     • Vaculoe
     • chloroplast
   • Egg cell
     • Corona radiata
     • nucleus
     • cytoplasm
     • zona pelluccida
   • Red blood cell
     • Membrane
     • Haemoglobin
   • White blood cell
     • Neutrophill
     • Multi-lobed nucleus
     • Granulated cytoplasm

7. Epithelial tissue

   • Squamous epithelial tissue
     • Lines organs and surface
     • Rapid diffusion of oxygen
   • Ciliated columnar epithelial tissue
     • Lines trachea
     • Sweeps away pathogens
   • Endothelial tissue
     • Lines heart and blood vessels
     • Provides Short diffusion