Passing Dark Colored Urine

Passing Dark Colored Urine

1. Urinary bladder

2. Physiology of micturition

3. Hematuria

4. Renal Cysts

   • CYSTIC RENAL “DYSPLASIA”
     • ADPKD-(ADULTS)
       • ARPKD-(CHILDREN)
         • MEDULLARY cysts
           • dialysis associated cysts
             • SIMPLE renal cysts

5. Investigations

   • Urine Cytology
     • Cystometry
       • Urinalysis
         • Urine Culture
           • Urine Tumor Markers
             • Cystoscopy

6. Schistosoma

   • Epidemiology
   • Life cycle
   • Pathogenesis
     • S. haematobium-
       • Painless terminal haematuria
     • S. mansoni & S. japonicum-
       • abdominal pain
         • bloody diarrhea
           • Portal hypertension
   • Diagnosis
     • Microscopy
       • ELISA
         • Biopsy
   • Treatment
     • Praziquantel

7. Bladder Tumors

   • Benign
     • Papilloma
       • Leiomyoma
   • Malignant
     • Urothelial tumor
       • Squamous cell carcinoma
         • Adenocarcinoma
           • Rhabdomyosarcoma

8. Grading and Staging

9. Urinary diversion

   • Nephrostomy
     • Urostomy
       • Neobladder-to-urethra Diversion

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