Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury

1. Anatomy of the Brainstem

2. It causes

   • Unconsciousness
     • OTHER CAUSES
       • Drug overdose
       • blood loss
       • alcohol consumption
       • Syncope
       • low blood pressure
       • Car accidents

3. Types of injure

   • Aquired
     • Traumatic
       • open brain injury
       • closed brain injury
     • non-traumatic

4. it causes

   • concussion
     • results in an altered mental state
     • signs & symptoms
       • memory problems
       • confusion
       • double vision
       • headache
       • slowed reaction to stimuli & sensitivity to light or noise
     • Post-concussion syndrome
       • Caused by structural damage to the brain or disruption of the messaging system within the nerves
       • Risk Factors
         • old age
         • female gender

5. Pathophysiology

   • Types
     • Traumatic Parenchymal Injuries
       • Direct parenchymal injury
         • Contusion
         • Laceration
       • Diffuse axonal injury
       • Concussion
     • Traumatic Vascular Injuries
   • events
     • Primary injury (impact)
     • Secondary injury
       • Cerebral edema, ischemia, hypoxia
       • Brain herniation
       • Neurologic deficit
       • Infection
       • Increased ICP

6. Types of hematoma

7. Management

   • GCS
     • Mild : 13-15
     • moderate: 8-13
     • severe: less than 8
   • History
   • vital signs
   • Neurological Examination

8. investigations

   • Skull X-Ray
   • CT Brain
   • MRI

9. Anti-epileptic agents

   • phenytoin
   • levetiracetam
   • carbamazepine

10. sleep cycle

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