Seizures

Seizures

1. Functional Localization of Cerebral Cortex

   • Occipital lobe
     • 1ry visual area
     • visual association areas
   • Temporal lobe
     • vestibular area
     • olfactory area
     • facial recognition area
     • primary and secondary auditory area
   • Parietal lobe
     • somatosensory areas
     • Gustatory area
   • frontal lobe
     • primary motor area
     • premotor area
     • frontal eye field
     • broca's area

2. Types

   • focal
     • simple
     • complex
   • generalized
     • absence
     • myoclonic
     • tonic-clonic
     • tonic
     • clonic
     • atonic

3. sign and symptoms

4. Seizure vs Epilepsy

   • Seizure  is a single occurrence while epilepsy is defined as two or more unprovoked seizures

5. Pathophysiology

   • Decreased inhibition
   • Increased excitation

6. complications

   • brain injury
     • physical injury
       • todd's paresis
         • death

7. pseudo seizures

   • Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)
     • origin
       • psychologic origin and mainly caused by psychiatric diagnoses

8. diagnosis

   • 1ST INVESTIGATIONS TO ORDER
     • LUMBER PUNCTURE
     • toxicology screen
     • head CT
     • electrolyte panel
     • Complete blood count (CBC)
     • EEG
     • Blood glucose
   • Single photon emission computed tomography
   • Positron emission tomography

9. Anti-seizure drugs

   • Partial seizures & Generalized tonic-clonic
     • Block Na channels
       • Lamotrigine
       • Valproic acid
       • Carbamazepine
       • Phenytoin
     • Increase GABA action
       • Phenobarbital
   • Absence seizures
     • Ethosuximide
     • Valproate
     • clonazepam
   • Status Epilepticus

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