Applied Chemistry

Applied Chemistry

1. Pouseilles Law

   • Volute Rate is proportional to the tube radius^4

2. Flow

   • Pressure over resistance
   • Blood pressure= Blood flow rate x peripheral resistance

3. Dialysis

   • Isotonic with blood
   • No concentration gradient
   • Urea is filtered out

4. Shell temperature is 1 degree cooler than body

5. Convection= fan

   • Conduction= pan

6. Types of solutions

   • Solution
     • Homozygous
     • Clear, No settling
   • Suspension
     • Suspended heterogenous
       • The tyndall effect
         • Scattering of light particles
     • Cloudy, turbid
       • Particles settle on standing
   • Colloids
     • In between solutes and suspensions
     • Larger particles, cloudy, no settling
     • Foam, emulsions, sols, gels
       • Emulsifiers stablise an emulsion

7. Ionic compounds

   • High melting points
   • Covalent bond
     • Low melting points, volatile

8. Mols= molecular substance in grams mol/l

9. Electrolytes

   • Dissociate into ions in water
     • Most abundant solutes in the body
       • Strong osmotic power- fluid shifts
         • Determine chemical and physical reactions of fluids

10. Cations

    • Anions
      • ECF- cl-
        • For regulating stomach acid pH
          • Linked to Na+ homeostasis
            • Hyperchloremia
              • dietary excess or IV saline solution
                • Hypocholremia- Side effect of hyponatremia
      • ICF- Phospahte
        • For energy, phospholipids and nucleic acids, enzymes, pH
          • Imbalances are not as critical, we can tolerate broad variations
    • ECF- Na+
      • Promotes water retention
        • Regulated by aldosterone, ADH and ANP
        • Hyponatremia
          • Caused: Running and drinking heaps of water without electrolytes
            • Causes: Muscular weakness, dizziness, hypotension
      • Hypernatremia: caused by dehydration- Increased salt
        • Causes: Increased thirst, hypertension, odeama
    • ICF- K+
      • Maintains normal ICF volume and neuromuscular functioning
        • Linked to Na+ homeostasis
          • Hyperkalemia: Caused by renal failure/ crush injury
            • Hypokalemia
              • Prolonged vomiting, kidney disease, diuretics
                • Causes: muscle fatigue, confusion, cardiac irregularities and arrest
            • Irritability, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea

11. Blood pressure

    • Changes by:blood vessel diameter, cardiac output (volume)

12. Pressure in the body

    • Movement of blood, lymph and fluids and bladder function

13. Pascal's principle

    • Pressure is exerted equally in all directions an fluid

14. Acids

    • Bases
      • Take up H+
        • Proton acceptors
          • HYPERVENTILATION
            • INCREASED O2, DECREASED H+
    • Release H+
      • Proton donors
        • HYPOVENTILATION
          • INCREASED CO2, H+

15. Boyle's Law

    • Increased pressure of an enclosed mass of gas. decreased volume
      • Pressure inversely proportional to volume

16. Dalton's Law

    • Total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases= sum of partial pressures

17. Henry's law

    • The amount of gas that will dissolve in liquid is prortional to pressure and solubility constant
      • When pressure drops, gases will come out of solution and form bubbles

18. Internal resipration

    • Aveoli= high o2
      • Capillaries= Low O2
        • Tissues= Low O2

19. Iron lung= negative pressure - periodically alters pressure

    • Positive pressure= actively pushed into lungs