Passing dark colored urine

Passing dark colored urine

1. Hematuria

   • 5+ RBCs\ high - power field
     • Types
       • Initial
         • Total
           • Terminal
             • Bladder neck or prostate urethra
           • Bladder or upper UT
         • Urethra
       • Microhematuria
       • Macrohematuria
   • Risk factors
     • Age
       • infection
         • medications
           • Strenuous exercise

2. Investigations

   • Laboratory
     • Urinalysis
       • Blood
   • Radiological
     • X-ray KUB
       • Ultrasound
         • CT and MRI
           • Cystography

3. urinary bladder

   • Functions
     • Urine storage
       • Urine expulsion
   • Parts:
     • Apex
       • 4 surfaces
         • 4 borders
           • Neck

4. Renal cysts

   • ADPKD
     • ARPKD
       • Simple
         • Medullary
           • Dialysis assosiated
             • Acquired

5. Renal tumors

   • RCC
   • Wilm's tumor

6. Urinary bladder tumors

   • Types
     • Benign
       • Papilloma
         • Leiomyoma
     • Malignant
       • Urothelial
         • Adenocarcinoma
           • SCC
             • Rhabdomyosarcoma
   • Management
     • TURBT
       • Intravesical therapy
         • Chemotherapy
           • Bladder preservation
             • Immunotherapy
               • BCG