Martini Chapter 1

Martini Chapter 1

1. Anatomy

   • Gross Anatomy
     • Surface - general form and superficial markings
     • Regional - anatomical organisation of specific areas of the body
     • Systemic - structure of organ systems. e.g. skeletal system
     • Developmental - the changes in form between conception and full maturity
       • Embryology - the study of the first 2 months of development.
     • Clinical - subspecialities important in clinical practice
   • Microscopic Anatomy - anatomy of structures that can't be seen without magnification.
     • Cytology - the study of the internal structure of individual cells
     • Histology - the examination of tissues

2. Physiology

   • Cell - the study of the functions of cells
   • Organ - the study of the function of organs
   • Systemic - the study of the organ system functions
   • Pathological - the study of the effects of disease on organ and organ system functions

3. Levels of Organisation

   • Chemical/Molecular - atoms
   • Cellular - cells and their organelles
   • Tissue - tissues, cells that work together to perform specific functions
   • Organ - groups of tissues that work together to perform several functions
   • Organ System - groups of organs that work together
   • Organism - all organ systems working together to form a fully functioning organism

4. Organ Systems

   • Integumentary - protects against the environment, regulates body temp and provides sensory information
   • Skeletal
   • Muscular
   • Nervous
   • Endocrine - directs long term changes in organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity, controls structural and functional changes in development
   • Cardiovascular
   • Lymphatic
   • Respiratory
   • Digestive
   • Urinary
   • Reproductive

5. Homeostasis

   • Autoregulation - the organ system automatically alters its activites in response to an environmental change
   • Extrinsic regulation - a result of the nervous or endocrine system, the 2 systems that control or adjust the activity of other organ systems
   • The mechanism
     • Receptors - sensitive to stimuli
     • Control centre - receives processes and then sends commands out
     • Effectors - cells or organs that respond to the commands of the control centre
   • Negative Feedback
     • counteracting a change in the environment
     • control centre - hypothalamus
     • normally maintains a narrow range rather than a single value
   • Positive Feedback
     • exaggerating a change in the environment
   • it rests at a state of dynamic equilibrium

6. Anatomical Terms

   • Superficial Anatomy
     • locating structures on or near the body surface
     • the normal position for anatomical position is palms facing forward and feet together
     • Supine - when in anatomical position lying down face UP
     • Prone - when in anatomical position lying down face DOWN
     • Anatomical Landmarks
     • Anatomical Regions
     • Anatomical Directions
   • Sectional Anatomy
     • Planes and Sections

7. Body Cavities

   • they protect against shocks and impacts
   • the allow for significant changes in size and shape of organs
   • Thoracic cavity
     • contains the lungs and heart
     • also contains associated organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, the inferior portions of the esophagus and the thymus
     • it is divided into the left and right plural cavity seperated by the mediastinum
     • the mediastinum contains the pericardial cavity and connective tissue that supports the esophagus, trachae, thymus and the major blood vessels that start or end at the heart.
   • Abdominopelvic Cavity
     • contains the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity
     • the abdominal cavity contains the peritoneal cavity which is the lining around the organs in the abdomen: liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
     • the pelvic cavity
       • the bones of the pelvis form the wall of the cavity
       • it contains the reproductive organs, bladder and the distal portion of the large intestine
     • the kidneys and pancreas lie between the peritoneal lining and the muscular wall of the abdominal cavity - they are retroperitoneal