Identity and Access Services

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Authorisation

Definition

function of specifying access rights and privileges to resources related to information security

process of ensuring only users who are suppose to have access to certain resources are given access

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Mandatory Access Control

Definition

based on the idea of security clearance levels

object (resource) and each subject (user/process) is granted a clearance level

are only permitted to access objects at their own clearance level or below

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Discretionary Access Control (DAC)

Definition

stresses the importance of the owner

granted full control over the resource and is able to grant rights to others

most flexible model

the weakest due to centralized administration of security policies the most difficult to enforce

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Role-based Access Control (RBAC)

set of organizational roles are defined and users allocated to those roles

gain rights implicitly through being assigned to a role

right to modify roles is reserved to administrative accounts not users

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Rule-based Access Control (RBAC)

Definition

can refer to any sort of access control model where access control policies are determined by system-enforced rules rather than system users

increasingly being implemented to protect computer and network systems founded on discretionary access from the sort of misconfiguration that can occur through DAC

privileges are restricted, regardless of the user's identity

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Separation of Duties

Definition

concept of having more than one person required to complete a task.

disseminating the tasks and associated privileges for a specific business process among multiple users

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Basic Authorisation Principles

Implicit Deny

any request for access is denied unless stated otherwise

Least Privilege

granted rights necessary to perform their job and no more

Single Sign on

authenticate to a system once to gain access to all the resources to which the user has been granted rights

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Directory Services

Definition

principal means of providing privilege management and authorization

provides a directory services infrastructure that can help organizations manage resources throughout the network

network directory that contains objects and resources

Common Directory Services

Microsoft Active Directory

Sun Java System Directory Server

OpenDS

OpenLDAP

Open Directory

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LDAP

Definition

not a directory standard

used to query and update a directory

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RADIUS

a networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting management

was principally used by ISPs to transmit authentication credentials

provides authorization for the connection of devices to Ethernet switch ports and wireless access points

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TACACS+

family of related protocols handling remote authentication and related services for networked access control through a centralized server

provides centralized authentication and authorization services for remote users

supports multi-factor authentication

accepts login requests and authenticates access credentials

encrypts entire authentication process

includes process-wide encryption for authentication.

replaces TACACS and XTACACS

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Attacks on Directory Services

Causes Loss(CIA)

confidentiality of the information (read access)

integrity of the information (write access)

access (Denial of Service, preventing network access)

Minimize Risks(ELUL)

limit physical access to Directory Services server

limit the number of Administrators

use separate Administrative Accounts from User Accounts

enforce Strong Password Rules

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Attacks on LDAP

Why

LDAP provides no security and all transmissions are in plaintext

vulnerable to sniffing and Man-in-the-Middle attacks

vulnerable to overloading by DoS attacks if server that does not require clients to authenticate

Mitigate

disable anonymous and simple authentication access methods

use Kerberos and LDAP for secure communication

use LDAP