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English Language Terms

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  1. 1"The graceful swan" - what is this an example of?Pre-modified noun phrase
  2. 2What does the term 'pleonasm' mean?Using excess words for clear meaning ("burning fire" for example). Can be used as a literary effect!
  3. 3AntonymThe opposite of another word (antagonist is the antonym to protagonist)
  4. 4SynonymSame or similar meaning to another word eg. buy and purchase
  5. 5PolysemeA word that has a different BUT related meaning to another eg. "man" can refer to the human species (man vs animal), the male of human species (man vs female) or the adult male of the human species (man vs boy)
  6. 6Auxiliary verb"Helping verbs" that are used to add functional or grammatical meaning to the clause (expressing tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis)
  7. 7Give examples of modal auxiliariescan, could, may, might, must, should, would, could, will, shall etc
  8. 8Name the FIVE clause elementssubject, verb, object, complement, adverbial
  9. 9How can you tell that "Jane appeared tired" is a subject-verb-complement?It has a copular (linking) verb! "To appear".
    There are only a few copular verbs, some include: to be, to seem, to become, to appear
  10. 10Anaphoric referenceA reference that refers back to something in the text e.g. "as stated previously"
  11. 11Cataphoric referenceThese are references to the future eg. "Here comes our award winning host... it's John Doe!
  12. 12CollocationTwo or more words that often go together. The combinations are natural to NATIVE SPEAKERS OF THE LANGUAGE. eg. "tall, dark and handsome" "fish and chips" "fast food" are examples
  13. 13ConnotationsEmotional/cultural associations which some word carries. Can be negative or positive.
  14. 14What is a creole?A language that has been mixed by two parent languages and becomes native to the speaker. They come from colonised areas and are based on the nearest language + English/Portuguese/Spanish/French
  15. 15Comparative adjectiveCompares two noun
    Eg. "better" "older" "bigger"
  16. 16Superlative adjective"Best" "Poorest" etc
  17. 17Complex sentenceAre made up of an independent AND (at least one) dependent clause
  18. 18Compound sentenceTwo independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
  19. 19Contractions"I've", "I'll" etc
    "can't", "couldn't" and "isn't" are negative contractions
  20. 20Name the three types of determinersArticles, demonstrative and possessive
  21. 21DisjunctAn adverb that expresses the writer's attitude eg. "unfortunately" "honestly"
  22. 22DysphemismPurposely being vulgar to shock or offend eg. "I'm going for a piss" rather than "Excuse me for a moment"
  23. 23EllipsisOne or more grammatical elements have been omitted eg. "Catch you later" rather than "I'll catch you later"
  24. 24EuphemismWords or phrases used to refer to taboo topics (sex, death, excretion) in a polite way. Eg. "He kicked the bucket"
  25. 25Finite verbsA verb that has tense, number and subject.
    "I live in Germany"
  26. 26Non-finite verbA verb that has no subject, tense or number. Often the infinitive, or past/present participles
  27. 27Idioms/Idiomatic expressions- A phrase that has a figurative meaning, rather than a literal meaning.
    - Often cultural based.
    - Some are more "transparent" than others
  28. 28Direct object (used in transitive constructions)Come straight after the verb and answers the questions "Who?" or "What?"
  29. 29Types of morphemesFree and bound
  30. 30Minor sentenceDo not have a verb but still make sense.
    "What time is it?" (Simple)
    "Three." (Minor)
  31. 31PronounSubstitutes for a noun/noun phrase. Instead of "Emily went shopping. Emily bought a dog. Emily called the dog Mary." --> "Emily went shopping. SHE bought a dog. SHE called IT Mary."
  32. 32Possessive pronounMy, mine, his, hers, your, yours, their, its
  33. 33Demonstrative pronounthis, that, these, those
  34. 34PersonalI, you, he, she, we, it, you, you (pl), them
  35. 35AntithesisTwo opposites introduced in the same sentence for contrasting effect
  36. 36IronyThe use of words to convey a meaning opposite of its literal meaning
  37. 37PersonificationWhere a non-living object has been given human qualities eg. "The chair danced"
  38. 38MetaphorFigure of speech that says one thing is another thing
  39. 39RepetitionRepeating a word or phrase
  40. 40AnaphoraA word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of neighbouring sentences
  41. 41TraductioA word is repeated, but scattered throughout the text
  42. 42Tripling/Rule of three/Triadic listCommon repetition technique. A list of three eg. "Tall, dark and handsome" "She was sent to inspire, educate and entertain me"
  43. 43Declarative sentence moodA statement. Often ending with a period (.)
  44. 44Exclamatory moodA sentence usually ending in an exclamation mark (!)
    "That was so silly!"
  45. 45Imperative moodA command/order
    "Shut the door."
  46. 46Interrogative moodA question.
    "Who are you?"
  47. 47Sub-ordinate clauseA dependent clause that relies on another clause to make sense. They cannot stand on their own.
  48. 48Relative clauseA type of subordinate clause.
    "Jay, who owned a cat, lived on a farm."
    Often have who, that, which
  49. 49Intransitive verbDoes not need an object for it to be grammatically correct.
    "We arrived at the bookshop"
    "At the bookshop" is an adverb, not an object
  50. 50Transitive verbNeed an object to make it grammatically correct.
    "The shelf held three books."
    "The shelf held" does not make sense on its own and thus needs "three books" (a direct object)
  51. 51Name the types of nounsCommon, proper, abstract, concrete and collective
  52. 52What type of noun is "dog"?Common
  53. 53What type of noun is "Mr. Mosby"?Proper noun
  54. 54What type of noun is "happy"?Abstract
  55. 55What are these? "A lodge of beavers" "A tribe of monkeys" "A bed of oysters"Collective nouns
  56. 56Dynamic verbsVerbs that are about moving and physically doing them eg. "dance" "shook"
  57. 57Stative verbsVerbs which are about thought processes such as "love" or "deserve"
  58. 58AdverbsModify verbs and end in -ly
  59. 59AdjectiveModify a noun and are descriptive
  60. 60Prepositions"on", "about", "under" etc
  61. 61ConjuctionsAlso known as connectives - connect clauses.
    "And", "because", "however" etc
  62. 62InterjectionsMostly found in dialogue.
    "Oh!" is an example

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Descripción
Some terms needed for English Lang exam
Creado por
Usuario eliminado · nov 2017
Actualizado
9 nov 2017
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17
Historial
  • Creado por ekimlauretta · 11 may 2014
  • Copiado por Di Lya · 9 nov 2017
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