Period 3 Mindmap

Chapter 8: Regional and Transregional Interactions, c. 600 C.E. to c. 1450

1. Rise of Islam

   • religion
     • Five Pillars of Islam
       • confession of faith
       • prayer five times per day
       • charity to the needy
       • fasting during the holy month of Ramadan
       • pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during one's lifetime
     • Allah (God) transmitted his words to the faithful through Muhammad
       • sayings recorded in the Qu'ran
   • Muhammad grew up in the city of Mecca
     • exposed many different beliefs (e.g. Christianity and Judaism)
       • conflicted with polytheistic religion of Mecca
         • led to persecution
           • Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina in 622 C.E.
             • returned to Mecca and destroyed the pagan shrines in 630 C.E.
               • Abu Bakr became caliph in 632
                 • head of state, military commander, chief judge, and religious leader
                 • Islamic empire was a theocracy and a caliphate
                 • originally hereditary, until Hasan relinquished his title
                   • establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty
                     • enlarged the Islamic Empire
                     • intensify conflict with the Byzantine and Persian Empires
                     • capital moved to Damascus (modern-day Syria)
                     • Arabic became the official language of the government
                     • gold and silver became the standard monetary unit
                     • subjects "encouraged" to convert to Islam, otherwise forced to pay a tax
                     • attempted to advance towards Paris, but stopped by Charles Martel, a Frankish leader
                     • Shiite (Shia)
                       • believed that Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, was the rightful heir to the empire
                     • Sunni
                       • contend that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a broad base of the people
                     • decline of the Umayyad Dynasty as Shia began to assert themselves more dramatically
                       • Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258)
                         • built capital at Baghdad (modern-day Iraq), which became one of the great cultural centers of the world
                         • introduced unique idea of credit
                         • developed itemized receipts and bills
                         • Muhammad al-Razi published a massive medical encyclopedia that was unlike anything compiled before it
                         • expansion of mathematics from India
                         • fight for control of Silk Road trading posts
                           • learned how to make paper
                         • Muslims and Christians battled for control of the Levant during the Crusades
                           • Europeans found their history preserved in Arabic libraries and museums
                         • Sufis
                           • stressed a personal relationship with Allah
                           • succeeded in converting large numbers of people to Islam
                         • decline of Islamic Caliphates
                           • rival factions and powers developed
                             • destabilized the central authority at Baghdad and cut tax revenues
                           • external foes
                             • Persians
                             • Europeans
                             • Byzantines
                             • Mongols
                           • overran and destroyed Baghdad
                             • Ottoman Turks would reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in a new Islamic state

2. Europe and the Byzantine Empire

   • Byzantine Empire
     • Orthodox Christianity
     • emperors ruled by absolute authority
     • used coined money
     • Justinian (527-565)
       • somewhat restored former glory and unity of the Roman Empire
       • Justinianic Code
         • a codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman legal principles alive
       • flourishing of the arts and sciences
         • Hagia Sophia
     • conflicts between the two churches
       • nominated their own Patriarchs of the See of Constantinople instead of regarding the Pope
       • sacrament of communion
       • whether priests should be allowed to marry
       • use of local languages in church
       • excommunicated each other (the Pope and the patriarch)
         • East
           • Church of Constantinople
           • Russia
             • Slavic peoples of southeastern Europe and Russia were converted to Christianity by St. Cyril in the 9th century
               • used Greek alphabet to create a Slavic alphabet known as the Cyrillic alphabet
               • Vladimir, a Russian prince from Kiev, abandoned the traditional pagan religion and converted to Christianity
         • West
           • Roman Catholicism
           • Franks
             • Germanic tribe that united under the leadership of King Clovis in the late 5th century
             • stretched from present-day Germany through Belgium and into France
             • helped various peoples of western Europe solidify under a common culture
               • made it easier for them to unify against Muslim invasions
                 • Charles Martel
                   • Battle of Tours
                   • used position as political and military leader to put his sons forth as successors
                     • Merovingian Dynasty (declining)
                     • Carolingian Dynasty
                       • Pepin the Short
                         • Charlemagne crowned by the pope in 800
                           • built the Holy Roman Empire upon coronation of Otto the Great in 962
                             • Northern Italy
                             • Germany
                             • Belgium
                             • France
                             • strong focused on the arts and education
                           • rule not absolute
                             • feudalism
                           • Treaty of Verdun in 843
                             • empire divided among Charlemagne's three grandsons
                               • western Europe constantly attacked by invaders
                                 • Vikings
                                   • also converted to Christianity
                                 • Magyars
                               • the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution in western Europe
                     • had his succession certified by the pope
   • Middle Ages
     • Feudalism
       • king
         • vassals
           • peasants
             • imprisonment led to highly skilled workers
               • development of middle class
                 • burghers
         • fiefs
         • manors
       • code of chivalry
         • honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
     • Hanseatic League established in 1358
       • controlled trade through much of northern Europe
     • Crusades
     • heresies
       • people began to question organized religion
       • Pope Innocent III
         • perceived heretics and Jews were frequently persecuted
         • Pope Gregory IX
           • Inquisition
             • formalized interrogation and persecution process of perceived heretics
               • referred to as the Universal Church or the Church Militant
     • Europe began to organize along cultural and linguistic lines
       • Germany
         • entered period of interregnum (a time between kings)
       • England
         • William the Conqueror led strong monarchy
           • forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 C.E.
             • reinstated feudal rights of the nobles
             • extended the rule of law to other people in the country
               • foundation of Parliament
                 • made up of nobles
                 • House of Lords
                   • nobles and clergy
                   • legal issues and advised the king
                 • House of Commons
                   • knights and wealthy burghers
                   • issues of trade and taxation
       • France
         • King Hugh Capet
           • subsequent French kings expanded the territory
             • Joan of Arc convinced French authorities that she had been divinely inspired to lead men into battle
               • forced British to retreat from Orleans
       • Spain
         • united by Queen Isabella, the ruler of Castile
           • married Ferdinand, heir to the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in 1469
             • united most of Spain in a single monarchy
             • enlisted the Catholic Church as a strong ally
               • forced conversion to Christianity or leave the country
                 • Spanish Inquisition
       • Russia
         • succumbed to the Tatars under Genghis Khan
           • Ivan III expanded Muscovy territory into much of modern-day Russia and declared himself czar
             • Ivan the Terrible centralized power over the entire Russian sphere, ruling ruthlessly and using the secret police against his own nobles by the 1500s

3. Developments in Asia

   • Japan
     • first important ruling family was the Yamato clan
       • international connections helped them emerge as leaders in the 5th century
         • claimed emperor was descendant of the sun goddess
       • Shinto religion
       • heavily influenced by China in the 6th century
         • Buddhism
         • Prince Shotoku
           • borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms
             • Taika Reforms (645 C.E.)
     • Fujiwara
       • capital moved to Heian in 794
       • Feudalism
         • shogun
           • daimyo/samurai
             • lesser samurai
               • peasants and artisans
         • Code of Bushido
           • stressed loyalty, courage, and honor
   • China
     • Tang Dynasty (618 - 907 C.E.)
       • under Emperor Xuanzong, expanded Chinese territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, and Korea
         • collapsed due to size, and local warlords gained more power
       • capital at Chang'an (Xi'an)
         • center of Tang tribute system
       • Wu Zhao
         • first and only Empress of China
     • Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 C.E.)
       • reunited by Emperor Taizu
         • fell to the Jurchen and Mongols
       • invented early form of movable type
         • increased literacy and bureaucrats among lower classes
         • printed books
           • increase in productivity and population growth
       • new technologies
         • magnetic compass
         • watertight bulkheads
         • sternpost rudders
       • Champa rice
         • resulted in rapid population rise
       • footbinding
     • Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 C.E.)
     • Yuan Dynasty (1279 - 1368 C.E.)
       • established by the Mongols
   • Korea
     • Korea became a vassal-state of the Tang in order to maintain the appearance of cordial relations with their Chinese neighbors
     • borrowed political structures
     • spread of Confucianism and Chan Buddhism
   • India
     • Islamic invaders set up the Delhi Sultanate
       • non-Islams had to pay a tax
   • Vietnam
     • less willing to accept even the appearance of a tribute relationship
     • Confucian education still accepted
     • active trade relationship

4. Rise and Fall of the Mongols

   • Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes in the early 1200s and set them on a path of expansion
     • unified several nomadic tribes of Mongolia
       • invaded China in 1234
         • the empire eventually spanned from the Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe
           • death of Genghis Khan resulted in splintering off into hordes
             • Golden Horde conquered the region of modern-day Russia
             • Kublai Khan ruled in China
               • destroyed cities and were ruthless warriors
                 • Pax Mongolica
             • Timur Lang destroyed the sultanate in India
             • consequences
               • most assimilated by those they conquered
               • Chinese not allowed to Mongolize
               • Russia treated as a vassal state, did not unify or culturally develop as quickly as its European neighbors
               • grew world trade, cultural diffusion, and global awareness

5. Developments in Africa

   • Kush
     • conquered part of Egypt in 750 B.C.E.
     • capital at Meroe
       • became center for ironworks and trade
   • Axum
     • traded frequently in ivory and gold
     • converted to Christianity in the 4th century
     • converted to Islam in the 7th century
   • Swahili Coast
     • influenced by Bantu
     • traded gold, slaves, ivory, and other exotic products
   • Ghana (800 - 1000 C.E.)
     • tons of gold
   • Mali (1200 - 1450 C.E.)
     • tons of gold
     • Mansa Musa
       • lengthy pilgrimage to Mecca, complete with gold, servants, and camels
   • oral literature
   • Benin culture
     • mastered bronze sculpting technique
   • Songhai
     • established by Sonni Ali
       • capital of Timbuktu
         • major cultural center

6. Developments in the Americas

   • Mayans
     • began to abandon their cities around 800 C.E.
   • Aztecs
     • built capital at Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City)
     • tribute
     • military connected to religion
       • sacrifices
   • Inca
     • thought to have controlled more than 2,000 miles
     • professional army
     • established bureaucracy
     • unified language
     • complex system of roads and tunnels
     • builders
       • Temple of the Sun
       • Machu Picchu

7. CCOT of Women

   • Europe
     • strict and patriarchal social divisions
     • could inherit land and take oaths of vassalage, but property belonged to husband
     • could bring a court case, but not participate in decision
     • division of labor; women in textiles
     • Christian monogamy
     • education limited to upper class males
     • did not recognize illegitimate children
     • veiling of upper class
   • Islam
     • equality in religion, but separate in mosque
     • recevied half inheritance of male children
     • testimony had less weight than male
     • concubines and seclusion in harems
     • literate society
     • all children are seen as legitimate
     • veiling in public
   • India
     • strict patriarchal caste system
     • child marriages
     • practice of sati for widows
     • family textile labor
     • marriage limited to caste members
     • education limited
     • purdah: veiling or seclusion
   • China
     • strict Confucian social order and guidelines for virtuous behavior
     • access to dowries and owned businesses
     • widow to remain with son; no property if remarried
     • silk weaving as female occupation
     • concubines and seclusion in harems
     • literate society, but state education limited to men
     • foot binding