Respiratory System Detailed Visual

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. COMPONENTS OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

   • Sinus
   • Nasal cavity
   • External nose
   • Nostril
   • Buccal cavity
   • Pharynx
   • Glottis
   • Epiglottis
   • Larynx
   • Larynx
   • Esophagus
   • Trachea

2. UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT FUNCTIONS

   • Passageway for respiration
   • Receptors for smell (taste)
   • Filters incoming air to filter foreign materials (cillia)
   • Moistens & warms air
   • Resonating chambers for voice

3. COPONENTS OF LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

   • Larynx
   • Trachea
   • Right bronchus
   • Left bronchus
   • Bronchioles
   • Alveoli

4. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT FUNCTIONS

   • Larynx
     • Maintain open airway
     • Routes air & food appropriately
     • Assists in sound production
   • Trachea
     • Transports air to & from lungs
   • Bronchi
     • Branch into lungs
   • Lungs
     • Transports air to alveoli for gaseous exchange

5. 4 RESPIRATION PROCESSESS

   • Breathing
     • Air in & out of lungs
     • Mechanical process
   • External respiration
     • Gaseous exchange between air & blood
   • Internal respiration
     • Gaseous exchange between blood & tissues
     • Final destination is cells
     • Ethrocyctes cells lined with haemoglobin
   • Celluar respiration
     • Oxygen to produce ATP (energy)
     • CO2 as waste

6. RESPIRATION INCLUDES

   • Pulmonary ventilation
     • Air in & out of lungs
     • Heart takes in O2 & takes CO2 out
     • Continuous replacement of gases in alveoli
   • External respiration
     • Gaseous exchange between blood & air
     • O2 in air diffuses into blood
     • CO2 in blood diffuses into air
   • Transport of respiratory gases
     • Beween lungs & cells of body
     • Performed via cardiovascular system
     • Blood is the tranporting liquid
   • Internal respiration
     • Gaseous exchange in capillaries between blood & tissue
     • O2 in blood diffuses into tissues
     • CO2 waste diffuses into blood

7. THE RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

   • Type 1 cells
     • Single layer of squamous epitheial tissue
     • Covered by pulmonary capillaries
     • Responsible for gaseous exchange
     • External structure
   • Type II cells
     • Cuboidal epithetial
     • Secretory function
     • Responsible for sythesis & release of surfactant fluid
       • Fluid prevents lungs sticking together & collapsing
     • Internal structure

8. SURFACANT FLUID

   • Produced from secreting cells
   • Provides coating inside alveoil
   • Prevents alveolar walls sticking
   • Important in increasing compliance

9. THE REPSIRATORY TRACT

   • Nose
     • Air is warmed & moistened
     • Lined with sweat glands & sebaceous
     • Mucus is secreted
       • Protects epithelium from foreign bodies & fluid loss
       • Secretion & clearance important for airway integrity & defence
       • Hyper-secretion & impaired clearance
         • Impair pulmonary function (difficulty breathing)
         • Reduces lung defences
         • More likely to become infected
         • Abnormal secretions (excess mucus)
     • Cillia acts as filter for foreign bodies
     • Thin blood vessels radiate heat & warm air
     • Sensory cells detect chemical substances
   • Pharynx
     • Junction of nose & mouth
     • Lined with mucus membrane
     • Anatomic regions
       • Nasopharynx
       • Larygoharynx
       • Oropharynx
   • Larynx
     • Part of air passage & voice production
     • Consits of thyroid, epiglottis & vocal cords
     • Surrounded by larygenal cartilage
     • 2 bands of tissue attatched to larynx to form vocal cords
     • Vocal cords vibrate to produce different sounds
   • Trachea
     • Always open
     • Supported by cartilage
     • Adjacent to oseophagus
     • Expand as food passes down to stomach
     • Infant trachea is much shorter than adult
   • Bronchi
     • Trachea divides into 2 branches
   • Bronchioles
     • Bronchi subdivided repeatedly
   • Alveoli
     • Walls 1 cell layer thick
     • Oxygen dissolves in moist lining
     • In blood, oxygen absorbed by ethrocyctes
     • Higher concentration of oxygen
     • Lower concentration of CO2

10. GASEOUS EXCHANGE

    • Process of absorbing O2 & giving out CO2
    • O2 from air in alveoli diffuses into blood
    • CO2 from blood diffuses into alveoli
    • Increase supply of & removal of gases = increase rate of diffusion
    • Large surgace area for diffusion

11. BREATHING

    • Breathing or pulmonary ventalation is mechanical process
    • Regular or automatic process
    • Depends on volume chnages in thoratic cavity
    • Under control of autonomic nervous system
    • CO2 most important factor governing breathing

12. BREATHING MACHANISM

    • Inhalation
      • Intercostal muscles contrat
      • Rib cage moves up & down
      • Diaphagm contracts & flattens
      • Lung volume increases
      • Pressure in lungs decrease
    • Exhalation
      • Intercostal muscles relax
      • Ribcage moves upwards
      • Lung voulme decreases
      • Pressure in lungs increases