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Ecology - Flashcards

Usuario eliminado El usuario ha eliminado su información de asignaturas Inglés 74 fichas

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  1. 1Cellsmallest living unit
  2. 2Organisma single living thing
  3. 3Populationa group of the SAME species living in the ONE location at the SAME time
  4. 4Communitythe sum of all the DIFFERENT species living in the SAME location at the SAME time
  5. 5Ecosystemthe sum of all the ABIOTIC and BIOTIC factors AND their interactions
  6. 6Biosphereall ecosystems combined
  7. 7Abiotic Factorsnon-living; physical environment
    eg, temperature, rainfall, salinity, humidity
  8. 8Biotic Factorsliving factors
    eg. competitors, predators, diseases (parasites and pathogens)
  9. 9Diversity-the variety of life found on Earth and all of the natural processes;
    -can be measured by DENSITY or ABUNDANCE
  10. 10Ecological Groups-producers/autotrophs
    -consumers/heterotrophs
  11. 11Producers/ Autotrophs-automatically convert food into energy.
    -manufacture ORGANIC compounds from simple INORGANIC compounds through abiotic energy sources such as sunlight (photosynthesis)
    -use the organic compounds themselves for energy and for all other ecosystem members.
  12. 12Photosynthesis EQUATION*in the presence of sunlight & chlorophyll*
    carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen
  13. 13Cellular Respiration (Aerobic) EQUATION*in the presence of oxygen*
    glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + ATP
  14. 14Consumers/ HeterotrophsObtain energy form eating other organisms or parts of them (plants)
  15. 15Trophic LevelEach feeding level of a food wed
  16. 16Primary ConsumersHERBIVORES
    -Eat plants or other producers
  17. 17Secondary ConsumersPREDATORS
    -Eat plant-eaters
  18. 18Tertiary ConsumersEat predators/ secondary consumers
  19. 19Consumers can be divided into:-herbivores
    -carnivores
    -detritivores
    -scavengers
    -decomposers
    -parasites
  20. 20Herbivoreseat organic matter of producers or their products only
    eg. honeyeaters
  21. 21Carnivoreseat other consumers {and are predators IF they catch LIVE prey}
    eg. damselfly
  22. 22Top Order CarnivoreLast link in food chain
  23. 23Detritivoreseat all detritus (decomposing plant an danimal matter as well as waste products)
    eg. earthworms
  24. 24Scavengerseat dead animals {specialised detritivores that only eat carrion and animal wastes}
    eg. vulture
  25. 25Decomposersbreak down dead material by secreting enzymes over the organic matter and absorbing the breakdown as food
    eg. bacteria
  26. 26Parasiteslive and feed on other organisms, causing them harm
    eg. tapeworm
  27. 27Food chains-shows chemical energy flow or transfer within an ecosystem, beginning with producers.
    *arrow points to the organism eating/ taking up energy*
    grass -> grasshopper -> snake -> hawk -> fungi
  28. 28Food Webshows chemical energy flow or transfer in an ecosystem; compromises of interrelated food chains.
  29. 29Ecological PyramidsShow the different trophic levels of any ecosystem in a pyramid shape
  30. 30Number PyramidDisplays the number of individual organisms at each trophic level
  31. 31Biomass PyramidMeasure the "weight" of biological material at each trophic level {dry weight is used since water content varies greatly}
  32. 32Energy PyramidShow energy content of organisms at each trophic level {compared to biomass pyramid as dry biomass tends to have about the same energy content}
  33. 33Energy Transfer EQUATION[trophic level energy
    ÷
    total energy ]
    x 100
  34. 34Amount of energy passed on through each trophic levelApproximately 10 %
  35. 35IntraspeciesMembers of the same species
  36. 36InterspeciesMembers of the different species
  37. 373 Types of Interactions-Competition
    -Predation
    -Symbiosis
  38. 38CompetitionOrganisms competing for resources; occurs due to a limited number of resources
  39. 39Resourceany necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, female attraction
  40. 40Competitive Exclusion Principleno two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
  41. 41Nichepart of environment where a species can survive, reproduce and persist
  42. 42Predationwhen an organism captures and feeds on another organism
  43. 43Symbiosisany relationship where two species live closely together
  44. 443 types of symbiosis-mutualism
    -commensalism
    -parasitism
  45. 45Mutualismboth species benefit from a relationship
    eg. cleaner birds + crocodile
  46. 46Commensalismone member BENEFITS and the other is NEITHER HELPED or HARMED
    eg. clown fish + anemones
  47. 47Parasitismone organism BENEFITS and one is HARMED
    eg. ticks
  48. 48Bioaccumulationthe progressive accumulation of non-biodegradable/ persistent chemicals in living organisms, becoming more concentrated in HIGHER trophic levels
  49. 49Species Richness-related to PHYSICAL SIZE of area and LATTITUDE
    HIGHER in size = HIGHER in richness
  50. 50Abundance & Densitythe number of individuals of a given species per unit area
  51. 51Abundance can be expressed qualitatively by:{ACFOR}
    -A: abundant
    -C: common
    -F: frequent
    -O: occasional
    -R: rare
  52. 52Population Distribution-Uniform
    -Random
    -Clumped
  53. 53Quadrat Sampling Assumptions-The number of individuals in each quadrat is counted.
    -The size of the quadrats is known.
    -The quadrat samples are representative of the study area as a whole.
  54. 54Quadrat Sampling-Used to calculate density, distribution and total size
    -Used for organisms that are fixed in one place ie. immoblie or sessile
  55. 55Mark & Recapture Method-Used to study populations where individuals move around a lot ie. mobile
    -involves catching, marking and releasing the animal, recapturing it and counting no. of marked and unmarked.
  56. 56Mark & Recapture methods are:tagging; painting; branding; dyeing; attaching ribbons
  57. 57Mark & Recapture Method Assumptions-the population is closed ie. a population that doesn't change GEOGRAPHICALLY or DEMOGRAPHICALLY (eg. no births, deaths, immigration or emigration)
    -marked individuals must not become easier or harder to catch
    -marked and unmarked individuals have sufficient time to mix randomly between time of making and re sampling
    -animals do not lose their marks
  58. 58Population Dynamicsdeals with changes in population size over time
  59. 59Exponetial Growth-unlimited growth of population
    eg. r-selected species such as bacteria which replicate through binary fission, introduced species such as rabbits who lack predators since they are introduced
    -pattern of growth can occur for several generations at least as long as RESOURCES ARE ABUNDANT
  60. 60Logistic Growth-also known as DENSITY-DEPENDENT GROWTH; population growth in the presence of limiting factors
    -growth is rapid when population size is below carrying capacity (K) but fluctuates (slows and stops) as size approaches carrying capacity
  61. 61Carrying Capacity (K)the level at which an environment can support an organism
  62. 62Natural Selectionprocess in which only the individuals or groups best adapted to their environment survive; survival of the fittest
  63. 63Gene Poolsum of all the genetic information found within a particular species
  64. 64Genetic Variabilitydifference in genetic information between the same organisms (meiosis)
  65. 65Sustainability of human population: current exponential growth can't continue because:-resources are finite
    -resources are being consumed faster than they are formed
    -toxic waste is produced faster than it can be broken down
  66. 66Adaptationanything that helps an organism survive in its environment; helps the organism fulfil the needs of getting food & water, protection and reproduction
  67. 67Structural Adaptationinvolves exterior, PHYSICAL feature of an animal's body
  68. 68Structural Adaptation: Example 1PROTECTIVE COLOURATION/ CAMOUFLAGE
    -allow an animal to blend into its environment
    eg. polar bear
  69. 69Structural Adaptation: Example 2MIMICRY
    -allows one animal to look, sound or act like another animal to fool predators into thinking it is poisonous or dangerous
    eg. lyre bird
  70. 70Behavioural Adaptationincludes ACTIVITIES that help an animal survive
    can be instinctive (nature) or learned (nurture)
    -social behaviour
    -behaviour for protection
  71. 71Behavioural Adaptation: Example 1MIGRATION
    involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again due to reasons such as:
    -better food
    -better climate
    -safe place to live
    -safe place to raise young
    -go back to the place they were born
  72. 72Behavioural Adaptation: Example 2HIBERNATION
    deep sleep where animal's body temperature drops and body activities are slowed to conserve energy
    eg. bear
  73. 73Physiological Adaptationrelated to the INTERNAL functioning of an organism adapting to an extreme environment
  74. 74Behavioural Adaptation: Examples-specialised organs
    -chemical senses (organs that pick up hormones)
    -reproductive physiologies
    -breeding times
    eg. fat storage in tail of kangaroos

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El usuario ha eliminado su información de asignaturas Fichas sobre Ecology - Flashcards, creado por Usuario eliminado el 08/04/2019.
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Usuario eliminado · abr 2019
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8 abr 2019
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  • Creado por R P · 16 nov 2014
  • Copiado por bill fingleton · 8 abr 2019
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