McCarthyism primarily and fundamentally reflected
fears of Soviet attack.
hostility to the Truman administration for firing General MacArthur.
the fears and hatreds of many Americans, who were suspicious of things foreign, liberal, internationalist, European, or intellectual.
the threat that Communist-led insurgencies would overthrow the pro-Western governments in developing countries in Asia.
All of the following offered, directly or implicitly, conscious dissent from the consensus-oriented, organizational culture of the 1950s EXCEPT
the beats.
rock and roll.
the TV preachers.
teen culture.
What event was Khrushchev speaking of when he said the world had come close to "destroying the human race"?
the construction of the Berlin Wall
the Cuban missile crisis
the U-2 shoot-down over the USSR
the Bay of Pigs invasion
America's basic cold war strategy emerged when the Truman administration adopted the recommendations of U.S. diplomat and Soviet specialist George Kennan. This strategy is known as the
counterinsurgency strategy.
containment doctrine.
appeasement policy.
anticommunist crusade.
Modern Republicanism in practice meant
support of a universal health care plan.
selective cutbacks in New Deal programs like farm price supports.
fiscal conservatism.
significant hikes in military spending.
Which statement about what might be termed the "second Red scare" after World War II is true?
The administration, the House of Representatives, and the Senate all conducted probes of possible subversive activity.
With Truman's blessing, the McCarran Act of 1950 was passed, requiring all Communists to register with the attorney General.
American fears of Communist subversion eased once the Truman administration set up an internal loyalty program.
Rooted in fears of a Soviet invasion, it essentially began as a reaction to revelations that the Russians had the bomb.
Which stereotype of women was most common in the 1950s?
domestic and motherly
an equal partner in American democracy
independent and career-oriented
genteel and cultured
Just before leaving office in 1961, President Eisenhower warned Americans of the
growing Russian hostility toward China.
risks of a "missile gap."
threat from internal Communist agents.
dangers of the military-industrial complex.
Several factors explain the rise of the cold war. Which of the following does NOT describe these factors?
ideological: both Soviet communism and the "American dream" represented ends and means that the other side hated
historic: the Soviets remembered earlier invasions; the Americans remembered the prewar Nazi-Soviet pact
economic: both the U.S. and USSR were economically devastated after World War II
geopolitical: the Truman administration harbored suspicions about Soviet designs on its neighbors
All of the following contributed to the explosive growth of suburbs EXCEPT
the automobile, which made the suburbs accessible.
the return of prosperity, which led to the baby boom.
television, which drew Americans toward the centers of cities.
the baby boom, which created a need for housing.
What geographic reorientation of popular culture had occurred by the later 1960s?
the rise of the West Coast as trend-setter
a return to the southern roots of both black rhythm and blues and white rock ‘n' roll
the shift from rural to urban settings in television shows
the rise of the "Big Apple" (New York City) as the center of the recording and film industries
What event, more than any other, catapulted Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to national prominence?
the Montgomery bus boycott
being jailed in Birmingham
his embrace of pacifism and nonviolence
the "I have a dream" speech
Which of the following civil rights organizations effectively used the nation's judicial system to implement lasting change in America?
Black Panthers
NAACP
SNCC
CORE
How did Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus respond to federal troops taking control of the National Guard for a year following the mob protests against the Little Rock Nine?
He urged the white community of Little Rock to be reasonable.
He closed all schools in Little Rock to prevent desegregation.
He took the leadership in the desegregation effort and met the Little Rock Nine.
He negotiated a gradual desegregation with President Eisenhower.
Which of the following musicians transformed himself from the quintessential folk protest artist into a major force in American rock music?
Jerry Garcia
Buddy Holly
Elvis Presley
Bob Dylan
Martin Luther King, Jr. rose to leadership in the civil rights movement during the 1950s. His strategies, different from those of the recent past, would become the primary techniques of the civil rights movement into the 1960s. What is the most accurate summary of this transition in the movement?
King proposed nonviolent confrontation rather than the NAACP's strategy of legal challenges to segregation in the courts.
Direct and often violent confrontation replaced nonviolent passive resistance.
King's rhetorical skills on TV, rather than organized action, caught the nation's attention.
King appealed directly to President Eisenhower to lend his support to efforts to speed up desegregation.
All of the following were elements of Johnson's "Great Society" programs EXCEPT
a health insurance program for the elderly.
a medical care program for the poor.
an anti-poverty program.
a funding program to return tax revenues to states.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 did all of the following except
strike down literacy tests used to block blacks at the polls.
bar discrimination in public accommodations.
prohibit employers from discriminating by race.
prohibit employers from discriminating by sex.
The case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka concerned
equal access to schools.
racial segregation in public schools.
federal aid to education.
prayer in public schools.
Which of the following presented the most divisive issue the Kennedy administration had to face?
labor union activism
class divisions in America
the civil rights movement
the war in Vietnam
The term "Vietnamization" refers to the policy of
countering antiwar propaganda with a campaign to tell the "real story" in Vietnam.
training United States troops in the "Nine Rules" for understanding Vietnamese culture.
shifting the burden of actual combat to the South Vietnamese.
shifting U.S. military operations from conventional tactics to guerrilla-type combat like that of the Viet Cong.
Which of the following Supreme Court decisions struck down 46 state laws that restricted a woman's access to abortion?
Jones v. Schafly
Steinam v. United States
Roe v. Wade
Plessy v. Ferguson
Richard Nixon is best described as a(n)
ideologue, whose rigidly anti-Communist instincts led him to stand firm against the Soviets.
cold war liberal, committed equally to containment of Communism abroad and an active federal welfare program at home.
pragmatist, who deviated from his own earlier positions in both foreign and domestic policy.
extremist, who deliberately and scornfully criticized hippies and antiwar protesters.
Why couldn't America's superior technology prevail in Vietnam?
Technology did not distinguish friend from foe.
The U.S. never exploited its technological advantages.
Politicians and the media refused to let the military use its technology effectively.
The Vietnamese peasants were more influenced by the terrorist attacks of the Vietcong than the incomprehensible machines of the Americans.
The Gulf of Tonkin resolution, as passed by
the UN General Assembly, condemned U.S. aggression against the people of Vietnam.
the UN Security Council, called for both U.S. and North Vietnamese forces to withdraw from South Vietnam.
Congress, authorized President Johnson to take all necessary measures to repel attacks on U.S. forces.
Congress, blocked further commitment of U.S. ground troops without congressional approval.
Gays achieved a major symbolic victory in 1974 when the ________ removed homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
Association of American Psychiatrists
American Psychological Association
American Psychiatric Association
American Medical Association
How did the United Farm Workers under Cesar Chavez accomplish additional leverage in their protest against working conditions for migrant laborers?
They aligned with anti-colonial movements in South Asia.
They conducted a public march in California's Central Valley.
They recruited Robert F. Kennedy for their cause.
They organized a consumer boycott of grapes in supermarkets.
Which of the following was NOT one of the three articles of impeachment adopted by the House Judiciary Committee regarding Nixon?
obstruction of justice
lying under oath
abuse of constitutional authority
improper use of federal agencies to harass citizens
How did U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War finally end?
with an international peace conference after the defeat of a large U.S. force
with the negotiated withdrawal of U.S. troops according to a treaty with South Vietnam
with the unilateral withdrawal of U.S. troops
with the negotiated withdrawal of U.S. troops according to a treaty with North Vietnam
All of the following "traumas" occurred in 1968 EXCEPT
the assassinations of Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.
the first big urban race riot in Watts.
the Tet offensive in Vietnam.
confrontation in the streets during the Democratic convention.
What was NOT a principle or strategy that unified the diverse group known as isolationists?
support for the Lend-Lease Act
opposition to political commitments to other nations
opposition to war
support for the Neutrality Acts
Concerning the background to the Pearl Harbor attack, which of the following statements is true?
The text ultimately explains the coming of war with Japan by showing how each side came to understand the other's intentions.
Clear evidence now exists that President Franklin Roosevelt knew about and even encouraged the Japanese to attack Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Before Pearl Harbor, the U.S. provided substantial military aid to the British and Russians.
Right up until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt was one of the country's most outspoken isolationists.
After Allied forces in North Africa were halted at the Kasserine Pass, which general regrouped them and masterminded an impressive string of victories?
Montgomery
Rommel
Eisenhower
Patton
The neutrality legislation of the 1930s was based on the assumption that the United States could keep out of war by
banning arms sales to countries at war.
ending its own depression.
staying out of the League of Nations.
granting independence to all American foreign possessions.
The first city attacked with atomic weapons was
Edo.
Hiroshima.
Nagasaki.
Tokyo.
Which statement regarding the "miracle" of war production is most accurate?
War production rested on the conversion of peacetime industries, so overall economic output grew very little.
Both corporate profits and personal incomes rose, though more-flexible smaller firms and wealthier individuals gained the most.
Worker productivity increased, due more to new job opportunities after a long depression than to any commitment to the war effort.
U.S. achievements in war production proved as important to the Allied victory as success on the battlefield.
The war aims of the Allies were articulated before U.S. entry into the war, in the so-called Atlantic Charter. This document included all of the following EXCEPT
a call for a new association of nations.
a commitment to the "Four Freedoms."
the combined approval of Churchill and Roosevelt.
a condemnation of Nazism.
Each of the following was a component of U.S. diplomacy between the world wars EXCEPT
joining collective efforts to block German and Japanese aggression.
reaction to a Japanese takeover of Manchuria with nothing more than refusal to recognize an act that violated international agreements or open-door principles.
becoming a good neighbor to Latin America by using economic influence rather than military intervention.
renouncing collective action and declining to act as a world leader.
What government body was created to help implement Executive Order 8802, which forbade discrimination by race in hiring government and defense industry workers?
Fair Employment Practices Committee
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Equal Opportunity Bureau
Fair Practices Commission
Which of the following does NOT describe an aspect of the impact of World War II on American society?
It brought recovery from the stagnation and unemployment of the Great Depression.
Military life served as a melting pot, as well as taking Americans far from home.
Women found new economic opportunities despite little change in gender attitudes.
Women and minorities felt resentment at being barred from military service.
What is meant by "supply-side economics"—the new Reagan approach to economic policy in the early 1980s?
cutting back welfare and other programs for the poor, to force them to provide for their own needs
keeping interest rates high to increase the money supply
the attempt to increase domestic oil supplies
encouraging, through tax cuts, private sector investment that would create new jobs, thus promoting economic growth and increasing net tax revenues
The Reagan administration focused on three priorities in foreign policy. Which of the following accurately states an initiative in one of the three areas?
Soviet Union: both a sharp military build-up and a new arms control treaty
Far East: public rhetoric critical of China's suppression of democratic reform
Middle East: successful retaliation against Libya and Lebanon for terrorist attacks
Central America: an invasion of Panama to rescue American students and prevent a Marxist takeover
In the case of Bakke v. Regents of the University of California (1978), the Supreme Court ruled that
busing was unconstitutional and harmful to children.
abortion was a constitutional right of privacy.
affirmative action was unlawful and against the free market.
racial quotas in college admissions were unlawful.
Which statement best explains Bill Clinton's victory in 1992?
Middle-of-the-road voters turned to Clinton, who painted himself as a moderate.
Worried about growing instability around the world, voters opted for the candidate with experience in foreign affairs.
Voters, in an upbeat mood, rejected the sour criticisms of Bush and Perot and embraced Clinton's optimistic vision for change.
As a southerner and liberal, Clinton rebuilt the traditional Democratic coalition and won a solid majority of both popular and electoral votes.
The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982
was unsuccessful, as the predictions of booming tax revenues did not materialize.
fostered a continuing recession, rising interest rates, and a mounting federal deficit.
helped reform Social Security.
included a $98 billion tax increase.
How was the scandal known as "Irangate" different from the "Watergate" scandal of the Nixon administration?
Reagan was kept in the dark; Nixon was kept in the loop.
Unelected individuals were in control; Nixon was in control.
There was little support to impeach Reagan.
All these answers are correct.
Ronald Reagan came into office in 1981 with a threefold agenda, including all of the following EXCEPT
reduction in the power and activism of the presidency.
deregulation of the economy.
reduction in spending for social programs.
tax cuts.
In the 1980s, with health care costs skyrocketing, a deadly new disease threatened to take on epidemic proportions. In this disease,
organic poisons were transmitted by the needles of drug users.
leaking nuclear radiation caused incurable brain cancers.
a parasite was transmitted in polluted streams.
a virus broke down the human immune system.
The chapter introduction tells the story of San Diego's Horton Plaza to make the point that
malls, as centers of consumer culture, symbolized the private quest for personal fulfillment typical of the 1980s.
religious activists began to relocate Sunday services from traditional churches to the new retail malls.
Ronald Reagan's successful presidential campaign focused on California-style shopping malls.
malls like Horton Plaza caused the decline of downtown business districts.
President Carter announced the United States would boycott the Olympics in 1980 in response to what world event?
the death of eight Marines in Iran
the Islamic rebellion in Afghanistan
OPEC oil price increases that drove up inflation to nearly 14 percent
the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
